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更多“We'll have a brain road ma…”相关的问题
听力原文： There are many kinds of nerve cells, and this chapter deals mainly with three kinds. The sensory nerve cells carry messages of heat, light, sound and pressure from the skin, muscles and organs inside the body. Motor nerve cells carry messages to the muscles, and this causes the muscles to move. Connecting nerve cells go between the sensory nerve cells and motor nerve cells. After the messages go from the spinal cord to the brain, the brain sends messages through the motor nerve cells to the muscles. All these different nerve cells help us to see, hear, taste, smell and feel.
Now if you have no further questions about Chapter Seven, we'll go on to talk about the chemical processes involving the transfer of messages.
(33)
A．One.
B．Two.
C．Three.
D．Four.
根据下面材料，回答题。
It is predicted that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century. We"ll know where we came from. Why does the universe exist？ To put it another way， why is there something instead of nothing？ Since the 1920s， scientists have known the universe is expanding， which means it must have started at a definite time in the past. They even have developed theories that give a detailed picture of the evolution of the universe from the time it was a fraction of a second old to the present. Over the next couple of decades， these theories will be refined by data from extraordinary powerful new telescope. We will have a better understanding of how matter behaves at the unfathomably high temperatures and pressures of the early universe.
We"ll crack the genetic code and conquer cancer. In 19th century operas， when the heroine coughs in the first act， the audience knows she will die of tuberculosis in Act 3. But thanks to 20th century antibiotics， the once dreaded， once incurable disease now can mean nothing more serious than taking some pills. As scientists learn more about the genetic code and the way cells work at the molecular level， many serious diseases——cancer， for one- will become less threatening. Using manufactured "therapeutic" viruses， doctors will be able to replace cancer causing damaged DNA
with healthy genes， probably administered by a pill or injection.
We"ll live longer （120 years？） If the normal aging process is basically a furious， invisible contest in our cells- a contest between damage to our DNA and our cells ability to repair that damage- then 21st century strides in genetic medicine may let us control and even reverse the process. But before we push scientists to do more， consider: Do we really want to live in a world where no one grows old and few children are born because the planet can hold only so many people？
Where would new ideas come from？ What would we do with all that extra time？
We"ll "manage" Earth. In the next millennium， well stop talking about the weather but will do something about it. Well gradually learn how to predict the effects of human activity on the Earth，its climate and its ecosystems. And with that knowledge will come an increasing willingness to use it to manage the workings of our planet.
We"ll have "a brain road map". This is the real "final frontier" of the 21st century: The brain is the most complex system we know. It contains about 100 billion neurons （roughly the number of stars in the Milky Way）， each connected to as many as 1，000 others. Early in the next century， we will use advanced forms of magnetic resonance imaging to produce detailed maps of the neurons in operation. We"ll be able to say with certainty which ones are working when you read a word， when you say a word， when you think about a word， and so on.
The sentence "In 19th century operas， when the heroine coughs in the first act， the audience knows she will die of tuberculosis in Act 3" means__________. 查看材料
A.there was not antibiotics at that time
B.tuberculosis was a terrible disease that couldn"t be cured during 19th century
C.the health of the heroine was very poor
D.this was a common situation in the 19th century operas
Human beings are naturally like rats – we are afraid of anything new. If you give rats some food that they have never had before, they will turn their backs on it out of fear. We are the same. It is possible to introduce new foods, but only in the right psychological context, like a birthday. Once the introduction has been made, the fact of having a full stomach is physically pleasing, so the next time it is easier. However, some foods are more tempting than others. Scientists are sure that we are born with a sweet tooth. This is why children have a natural desire for sugar.
Another discovery is how a sense of smell affects our appetite. In one experiment, chemical substances were put on the tongues of human participants. At the same time, air was blown down the participants’ noses so they could not smell the chemical substances. As a result, no two people got the same sensation from the same food. Physical, psychological, and cultural differences shaped the response.
The intensity of feelings about food depends upon knowledge of it. The average student who eats a new dish will have only a cloudy image of it, but for some people whose tongues are trained to appreciate fine differences, they’ll have an exciting experience, much like someone who has a great musical ear. This is why someone who eats hamburgers everyday likes them and becomes a hamburger expert. They can tell the difference between a Big Mac and a Burger King, just like the Japanese can tell the difference between varieties of rice that taste the same to Europeans.
21. Why do children prefer a hamburger to a home-cooked meal?
A.The person doesn’t get the instruction from the brain.
B.The brain doesn’t respond well to unfamiliar tastes.
C.The food made at home is not tasty.
D.Children prefer food that is easy to make.
听力原文：M: Math Department, Dr. Smith speaking.
W: Hello. Prof. Smith, this is Lucy Wang calling. I live two doors down from your teaching assistant, Brain Williams. Brain asked me to call you because he has lost his voice and can't talk to you himself.
M: Lost his voice？ Oh, what a shame. Is there anything I can do for him？
W: Well, he has a class this afternoon, from 2:30 to 4:00, and he won't be able to teach it, but he doesn't want to cancel it, either.
M: Does he want me to try to find somebody else to teach the class？
W: No, not exactly. What he wants to do is to get someone go in for him, just to pass back the mid-term exams. He's already marked them and they are on the desk in his office. The whole thing wouldn't take more than ten minutes.
M: His classes are at 2:30, you say？ Well, I'm free at that time. I am going to be on campus anyway. So I could do it for him. What room is his class in？
W: Main Building, Room 804. Will you need his office key to get the exams？ He's given it to me and I could bring it to you.
M: Well, actually that won't be necessary. We have a master key in the Math Department, so I can get into his office if necessary.
W: Thank you very much, Prof. Smith. Brain doesn't have another class to teach until Thursday and hopefully he'll be able to talk by then. He'll call you as soon as he can. Oh, yes, I almost forgot.
M: Yes？
W: Could you put the next assignment on the board, too？ It's all the problems on page 30, and they're due at next class.
M: No trouble at all. Thanks for passing on the news about Brain, and please tell him not to worry about anything.
(27)
A．He can't find his office key.
B．He has misplaced some exams.
C．He is unable to talk.
D．He doesn't like his classroom.
We can conclude from the passage that__________
A．only humans have the neo-cortex section of the brain
B．we know very little about the brain
C．Brain 3 is all we need to survive
D．we still have a lot to learn about the brain
Why do we Dream？
For centuries, we've tried to figure out just why our brains play these nightly shows for us. Early civilizations thought dream worlds were real, physical worlds that they could enter only from their dream state. Researchers continue to toss around many theories about dreaming. Those theories essentially fall into two categories:
The idea that dreams are only physiological stimulations
The idea that dreams are psychologically necessary
Physiological theories are based on the idea that we dream in order to exercise various neural connections that some researchers believe affect certain types of learning. Psychological theories are based on the idea that dreaming allows us to sort through problems or events of the day or things that are requiring a lot of our attention. Some of these theorists think dreams might be prophetic. Many researchers and scientists also believe that perhaps it is a combination of the two theories.
Dreaming and the Brain
When we sleep, we go through five sleep stages. The first stage is a very light sleep from which it is easy to wake up. The second stage moves into a slightly deeper sleep, and stages three and four represent our deepest sleep. Our brain activity throughout these stages is gradually slowing down so that by deep sleep, we experience nothing but delta brain waves--the slowest brain waves. About 90 minutes after we go to sleep and after the fourth sleep stage, we begin REM sleep.
Rapid eye movement(REM)was discovered in 1953 by University of Chicago researchers Eugene Aserinsky, a graduate student in physiology, and Nathaniel Kleitman, Ph. D. , chair of physiology. REM sleep is primarily characterized by movements of the eyes and is the fifth stage of sleep.
How to Improve Your Dream Recall
It is said that five minutes after the end of a dream, we have forgotten 50 percent of the dream's content. Ten minutes later, we've forgotten 90 percent of its content. Why is that？ We don't forget our daily actions that quickly. The fact that they are so hard to remember makes their importance seem less.
There are many resources both on the Web and in print that will give you tips on how to improve your recall of dreams. Those who believe we have a lot to learn about ourselves from our dreams are big proponents of dream journals. Here are some steps you can take to increase your dream recall:
When you go to bed, tell yourself you will remember your dreams.
Set your alarm to go off every hour and a half so you'll wake up around the times that you leave REM sleep--when you're most likely to remember your dreams.(Or, drink a lot of water before you go to bed to ensure you have to wake up at least once in the middle of the night!)
Keep a pad and pencil next to your bed.
Try to wake up slowly to remain within the "mood" of your last dream.
Common Dream Themes and Their Interpretations
Being naked in public
Most of us have had the dream at some point that we're at school, work or some social event, and we suddenly realize we forgot to put on clothes! Experts say this means:
We're trying to hide something(and without clothes we have a hard time doing that).
We're not prepared for something, like a presenta
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
听力原文：A=Anna R=Roger
A: Simpson & Co. Good morning.
R: Hello, Anna？
A: Oh, hello Roger.
R: I'm glad I caught you. Listen I'm at the airport, and I've just realized I've left my diary in the office. You can see it anywhere, can you？
A: Hang on. Here it is.
R: Oh, great. Now can you have a look at tomorrow？ I've got an appointment at eleven-thirty at Maplo. But what's the name of the woman I'm seeing？
A: It's Delorme. Marie Delorme.
R: That's it. It had gone right out of my head. Is that D-E-L-O-R-M-E？
A: That's right.
R: And what's her position in the company, exactly？
A: She's their new Research Director.
R: That's it. Right. Then in the afternoon, I'm meeting Monsieur Belois at 3.30. But I can't remember whether we agreed to meet at his company or the hotel.
A: Well, there's nothing here about the hotel.
R: Right, then it must be at his company. Sorry, Anna, I'll have to go. My plane's boarding.
A: OK, Roger. Oh, before you go. Don't forget on Friday you'll need to confirm your flight to Rome.
R: Thanks. I'll make a note of it. I'll call you first thing in the morning.
A: Bye.
？Look at the note below.
？You will hear a man calling about meeting with somebody.
FRENCH BUSINESS TRIP: Wed 2/10-10-Fri 4/10
Appointments
11.30 Meeting at Maplo with (9)______
She's their new (10)______
15.30 Meet Monsieur 361051 at (11)______
to discuss hew products.
Don't forget Call office tomorrow.
(12)______ to Rome on Friday
听力原文：M: Susan, I could really need your help this weekend.
W: What is it, John？ Another term paper？
M: No, no. This is easy compared to that. My cousin is coming on Thursday. She has an interview at the college and I promised my aunt I' d look after her. We are going to the game on Friday, but Saturday r m on duty at the library all day and can' t get out of it. Uh, I was wondering if you could show her around during the day and maybe we can meet for dinner later.
W: Sure. I don' t have any plans. What kind. of things does she like to do？
M: Actually I haven' t seen her for three years. She lives so far away. But this will be her first time on a college campus, she is still in high school. So she probably enjoys anything on campus.
W: Well, there is a music festival in the auditorium. That' s a possibility. Only I hope it doesn't now. They are predicting 68 inches for the weekend. Everything will be closed down then.
M: Well, how about, for the time being, I'll plan on dropping her off at your place on the way to work, around eleven. But if there is a blizzard, I'll give you a call and see if we can figure something else out.
W: Sounds good. Meantime I'll keep Saturday open. We can touch base Friday night when we have a better idea of the forecast.
M: I hope this works out. I feel kind of responsible. She won' t know a way around. And I want her to have a good time. Anyway I really appreciate your help. I owe you one.
W: No problem. I'll talk to you tomorrow.
What does John ask Susan to do？
A．Help with a term paper.
B．Go to a concert.
C．Take care of his cousin.
D．Arrange his cousin' s interview.
回答题。
Dreams
Of all the components of a good night&39;s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated this revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the
late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind&39;s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line" . And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It&39;s your dream, " says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago&39;s Medical Center, "If you don&39;t like it, change it. "
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement ) sleep --when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the "emotional brain" ) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning ) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day, " says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright&39;s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don&39;t always think about the emotional significance of the day&39;s events -until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there&39;s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in panic, " Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people&39;s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek
help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep—or rather dream -- on it and you&39;ll feel better in the morning.
Researchers have come to believe that dreams__________ 查看材料
A.can be modified in their courses
B.are susceptible to emotional changes
C.reflect our innermost desires and fears
D.are a random outcome of neural repairs
A．Our brain contract as we grow old.
B．One part of the brain does not contract.
C．Sixty-year olds have better brains than thirty-year olds.
D．Some people's brains have contracted earlier than other people's.
