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更多“Intemational Multimodal Transp…”相关的问题
A.A. CIF contract
B.B. FAS contract
C.C. DES contract
D.D. CIP contract
The UCP provides no guidance where the words“from”and “after” are used to determine
maturity dates of drafts. Reference to “from” and “after” in the UCP refers solely to dateterminology for periods of shipment. Where the word “from” is used to establish the maturity date，intemational standard banking practice would be exclude the date mentioned， unless the credit specifically provides that“from” is considered to include the date mentioned. Therefore, for the purpose of determining the maturity date of a time draft，the words “from” and “after” have the same effect.Calculation of the maturity commences the day following the date of the document， shipment， or other event， i.e.10 days after or from March 1 to March 11.
In history the U. S. team entered the finals of the World Cup four times and gained the third place in the first World Cup. But since the 4th World Cup USA has paid more attention to the Olympic Games and American football.
The head coach of the U. S. team now is from Yugoslavia, the 57-year-old coach moved to Mexico twenty-one years ago and later he became the head coach of Mexico's National Team．After that he left for an even smaller country. Costa Rica. Before long, he became well-known all over the world.
On March 7th, 1991, he faced the biggest challenge in all his life to lead the U. S. team. The American Football Association spent a year building a football field in California for him. And in two years'time his team defeated the teams of Ireland．England and Portugal.
Thus the U. S. team entered with ease into the finals of the World Cup. And as the host, it entered automatically into the first circle in 1994.
When was the American Football Association founded？
A．In 1913.
B．In 1930.
C．In 1914.
D．In 1917.
An intemational trade deal can involve up to four contracts and the importer must have a broad understanding of each of them. The four contracts are the contract of carriage , the export sales contract , the insurance contract and the contract of finance. There are three main areas of uncertainty as to which country's law will be applicable to their contracts; the difficulty emerging from inadequate and unreliable information; and the serious problem of the diversity of interpretation of th e various trade terms. The latter point can involve costly litigation and loss of much goodwill when a dispute over the interpretation of such terms arises.
The role of Incoterms 1990 is to give the business person a set of international rules for the interpretation of the more commonly used terms such as FOB, CIF and EXW in foreign trade contracts. Such a range of terms enables the businessperson to decide which is the most suitable for their needs , knowing that the interpretation of terms will not vary by individual country.
It must be recognized, however, that it is not always possible to give a precise interpretation. In such situations one musL rely on the custom of the trade or port. Businesspersons are advised to use terms that are subject to varying interpretations as little as possible and to rely on the well-established and intemationally accepted terms. To avoid any-misunderstandings or disputes, the parties to the contract are well advised to keep trading customs of individual countries in mind when negotiating their export sales contract. However,parties to the contract may use Incoterms as the general basis of their contract , but may specify variations of them or additions to them relevant to the particular trade or circumstances. An example is the CIF plus war risk insurance. The seller would base his quotation accordingly. Special provisions in the individual contract between the parties willoverride[1] anything in the Incoterm provisions.
A point to bear especially in mind is the need for caution in the variation, for example, of CFR,CIF or DDP. The addition of a word or letter could change the contract and its interpretation. It is essential that any such variation be explicitly stated in the contract to ensure each party to the contract to be aware of its obligations and act accordingly.
The buyer and seller parties Lo the contract must especially bear in mind that Incoterms only defines their relationship in contract terms, andhas no bearin directly or indirectly on[2] the carriers' obligations to them as found in the contract of carriage. However,the law of carriage will determine how the seller should fulfil his obligation to deliver the goods to the carrier on board the vessel as found in FOB, CFR and CIF. A further point to bear in mind by the seller and buyer is that there is no obligation for the seller to procure an msurance policy for the buyer's benefit. However, in practice, many contracts request the buyer or seller to arrange insurance from the point of departure in the country of dispatch to the point of final destination chosen by the buyer.
Incoterms 1990 can be divided into recommended usage by modes of transport as under all modes (i. e. combined transport) , EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAF, DDP, DDU; conventional port/sea transport only FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF, DES, DEQ. Incoterms 1990 reflects the changes and development of international distribution during the past decade, especially the development of combined transportation and associated documentation together with electronic data interchange.
[1]比……重要
[2]与……没有直接或间接关系
Questions for reading :
根据以下材料，回答题
A Country"s Standard of Living
The "standard of living" of any country means the average person"s share of the goods and services the country produces. A country"s standard of living， therefore __________ （51） first on its capacity to produce wealth. "Wealth" in this __________ （52） is not money， for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy: "goods" such as food and clothing， and "services" such as transport and entertainment.
A country"s capacity to __________ （53） wealth depends upon many factors， most of __________ （54）have an effect on one another. Wealth depends __________ （55） a great extent upon a country"s natural resources. Some regions of the word are well supplied with coal and minerals， and have fertile （肥沃的）soil and a favorable climate; other regions __________ （56） none of them. Next to natural resources comes the ability to __________ （57） them to use. China is perhaps as rich as the USA in natural resources， but suffered for many years __________ （58） civil and external wars. And for this and other __________ （59） was unable to develop her resources. Sound and stable political conditionsand __________ （60） from foreign invasionsenable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily， and to produce more __________ （61） than another country equally well favored by nature but less well ordered.
A country"s standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and __________ （62） within its own borders， but also upon what is directly produced through intemational trade. For example， Britain"s wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural __________ （63） would be much less if she had to dependonly on those grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus （过剩的 ） manufactured goods to be Waded abroad for the agricultural products __________ （64）would otherwise be lacking. A country"s wealth is， therefore， much influenced by its manufacturing capacity， __________ （65） that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures.
回答（51）题 查看材料
A.calls
B.gets
C.depends
D.takes
根据以下材料，回答题
Mad Scientist Stereotype Outdated
Do people still imagine a physicist as a bearded man in glasses or has the image of the mad scientist changed？ The Institute of Physics set out to find out whether the stereotype of a physic"boffin" （科学家） still exists by conducting a survey on shoppers in London. The people were asked to identify the physicist from a photograph of a line-up of possible suspects. 98 percent of those asked got it wrong. Most people picked a white male of around 60， wearing glasses and with a white beard.
While this stereotype may have been the image of all average physicist fifty years ago， the reality is now very different. Since 1960 the number of young women entering physics has doubled and the average age of a physicist is now 31.
The stereotype of the absent-minded scientist has lasted a long time because the media and Hollywood help promote the image of men in white lab coats with glasses sitting by blackboards full of equations （等式） or working with fizzing （嘶嘶响 ） test tubes. These stereotypes are really damaging to society. Very good school children are put off studying science because they don"t see people like themselves on television or in magazines doing science. They simply don"t relate to the media"s image of the mad scientist.
This is one reason why fewer young people are choosing to do science at university. If we want to encourage more young people to study science subjects， we need to change this image of the scientist and make science careers more attractive. But we must also develop children"s interest in science.
In an attempt to change this negative image， an increasing number of science festivals are being organized. Thousands of people from secondary schools are also encouraged to take part in the internationwide science competitions of which the most popular are the national science Olympiads. Winning national teams then get the opportunity to take part in the Intemational Science Olympiads which are held in a different county every year. These events are all interesting for the young people who take part but they only involve a small proportion of students who are already interested in science. It seems that there is a long way to go before science becomes attractive as subjects like computer studies or fashion and design.
Most people have similar ideas of what a physicist looks like. 查看材料
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
根据以下材料，回答题
Be Alert to Antimicrobial （抗菌剂） Resistance
The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment （multi-drug resistant bacteria）， so pose particular difficulties， as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global publlic health problem.
WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics， reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article punished in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics. The article "has drawn attention to the issue of AMR （antimicrobial resistance） and， in particular， has raised awareness of infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.
While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear， this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission， and to define the most effective measures for control.
Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers， managers of hospitals， patients， as well as national govemments， the pharmaceutical industry and intemational agencies.
WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use， including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures， including the use of hand-washing measures， particularly in healthcare facilities.
Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries， and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.
WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies， and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO"s World Health Day 2011.
Why is the use of antibiotics arousing globally increasing interest？ 查看材料
A.The misuse of the antibiotics has caused stronger bacteria resistance and no new drugs against the bacteria are available at present.
B.The micro-organisms develop much faster than the past， so the researchers are more interested.
C.The antibiotics for multi-drug resistant bacteria are highly priced and there will be a big market for the drug industry.
D.The antibiotics has been found more powerful for the treatment of the multi-drug resistant bacteria.
SectionIII Reading Comprehension
(60 minutes)
Part A
Directions :
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A , B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.
Text 1
The future of space exploration depends on many things. It depends on how technology evolves, how political forces shape competition and partnerships between nations, and how important the public feels space exploration is. The near future will see the continuation of human space flight in Earth's orbit and unpiloted space flight within the solar system. Piloted space flight to other planets, or even back to the moon, still seems far away. Any flight to other solar systems is even more distant, but a huge advance in space technology could drive space exploration into realms currently explored only by science fiction.
The 1968 film 2001 : A Space Odyssey depicted commercial shuttles flying to and from a giant wheel-shaped space station in orbit around Earth, bases on the moon, and a piloted mission to Jupiter. The real space activities of 2001 will not match this cinematic vision, but the 21st century will see a continuation of efforts to transform. humanity into a spacefaring species.
Perhaps the most difficult problem space planners face is how to finance a vigorous program of piloted space exploration, in Earth's orbit and beyond. In 1998 no single government or international enterprise had plans to send people back to the moon, much less to Mars. Such missions are unlikely to happen until the perceived value exceeds their cost.
One belief shared by a number of space exploration experts is that future lunar and Martian expeditions should be aimed at creating permanent settlements. The residents of such outposts would have to "live off the land," obtaining such necessities as oxygen and water from the harsh environment. On the moon, pioneers could obtain oxygen by heating lunar soil. In 1998 the Lunar Prospector discovered evidence of significant deposits of ice, a valuable resource for settlers, mixed with soil at the hunar poles. On Mars, oxygen could be extracted from the atmosphere and water could come from buried deposits of ice.
The future of piloted lunar and planetary exploration remains largely unknown. Most space exploration scientists believe that people will be on the moon and Mars by the middle of the 21st century, but how they get there, and the nature of their visits, is a subject of continuing debate. Clearly, key advances will need to be made in lowering the cost of getting people off Earth, the first step in any human voyage to other worlds.
41. A flight to .other solar systems will be made more possible by
[ A] technological breakthroughs.
[ B ] intemational co-operation.
[ C] market competition.
[D] public pressure.
When faced with the decision of selecting a mode of transportation, the exporter has five basic types available from which to choose, depending, of course, upon the geographicalproximity[1] of the countries of export and import: ocean, air, rail, truck, and inland water. A sixth alternative is pipeline which transports very specialized products. The choice between available methods of transportation is usually determined by a combination of cost , time , and security.
Ocean transportation is by far the most dominant mode of international transportation , and air transport is the most " glamorous" and fastest growing. The significance of the other basic types of international transportation varies depending upon the countries involved. For example,rail and truck shipments do not constitute a significant portion of the export transactions of the United States, except perhaps for those that involve buyers in Canada. In contrast,these transport modes carry large amounts of export goods among the countries of Europe. Similarly,inland waterways are not important carriers of goods between countries except in Europe where waterways such as the Rhine and Danube rivers carry large amounts of goods among the countries through which they flow. Often the use of these relatively less important modes of transport depends upon the nature of specific products in unique geographic situations. The use of trucks to haul fresh produce from northem Mexico to the United States illustrates this practice.
Ocean transportation is widely used because it is a relatively low-cost way to transport goods, and it can easily handle large shipments. In addition, certain geographic conditions may make it impossible to use overland transportation to some foreign markets andinfeasible[2] to use it to others.
Many diverse types of products are being transported to foreign markets by air in large volume-computers, office machines, electrical and electronic equipment, automobile parts, television sets,pharmceuticals[3], certain metal manufactures, and wearing apparel to name but a few. Thus , even with existing technology, it is evident that air cargo movements are no longer confined to fast shipments of emergency supplies, goods of high value , (for example ,jewel) and perishable products (for example , fresh flowers) , although it is widely used for such products. Not only is time in transit reduced from a minimum of 10 days to a few hours, but also less handling and simpler packing requirements are involved.
Time in transit is but one of the so-called hidden costs that may be relevant. For example,concerning time in transit and the ability to put a f'acility to use sooner (thus avoiding lost sales) ,a West German company bought 230hosiery-knitting machines[4] from a US manufacturer. The machines were shipped by air at a cost of USD 224 per unit which was considerably greater than the ocean rate of USD37. 80 per unit. Delivery time was shortened by 10 days giving the Cerman manuf'acturer the opportunity to produce 207 000 pairs of hosiery, which apparently offset the transportation cost.
Small shipments may be sent by intemational parcel post, air parcel post, or air couner service rather than pay the higher minimum bill of lading charges for ocean freight or air shipment. While larger shipments are charged on the basis of weight or measurement,very small shipments are charged a set flat fee because of the costs involved in documentation and handling.
The method of transportation is usually selected by the importer. The route selected for the export shipment may be determined by either the exporter or the importer. In practice , the importer should indicate the route he or she thinks is most desirable. The final selection of the exact route,however,should generally be left to thediscretion[5] of the exporter, since the exporter is more fully acquainted with conditions surrounding the shipment in the country from which it is sent, and particularly the immediate conditions at time of shipment.
[1]接近
[2]不可行的
[3]医药的
[4]针织品编织机
[5]判断力
Questions for reading :
