题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
The Johnson Space Center reported the discovery in the journal Newsweek.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
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SURVIVING IN SPACE
Motion sickness troubles more than two-thirds of all astronauts upon reaching orbit, even veteran test pilots who have never been airsick. Though everyone recovers after a few days in space, body systems continue to change. Deprived(丧失) of gravity information, a confused brain creates visual illusions. Body fluids surge to chest and head. The heart enlarges slightly, as do other organs. Sensing too much fluid, the body begins to discharge it, including calcium, electrolytes (解液) and blood plasma (血浆). The production of red blood ceils decreases, rendering astronauts slightly anaemic (贫血的). With the loss of fluid, legs shrink. Spinal (脊骨的) discs expand, and so does the astronaut--who may gain five centimeters and suffer backache. Though the .process may sound terrible, astronauts adjust to k, come to enjoy it and seem no worse for wear-at least for short missions such as space shuttle flights that last a week or two.
During longer flights, however, physiology enters an unknown realm. As director of Russia's Institute for Biomedical Problems from 1968 to 1988, Oleg Gazenko watched cosmonauts return from long flights unable to stand without fainting, needing to be carried from the spacecraft. "We are creatures of the Earth,” Gazenko told me. "These changes are the price of a ticket to space".
Americans returning from months-long flights on Mir, the Russian space station, also paid the price, suffering losses in weight, muscle mass and bone density. NASA geared up to see how--even if--humans would survive the most demanding of space ventures, a mission to Mars, which could last up to three years. "We don't even know if a broken bone will heal in space," said Daniel Goldin, NASA's administrator. To get answers in 1997 Goldin established the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), a panel of experts from a dozen leading universities and research institute. NSBRI will study biomedical problems and by 2010 will present NASA with a "go" or "no go" recommendation on a Mars mission.
Jeffrey Sutton, leader of the medical systems team at the NSBRI, has treated the head trauma, wounds, kidney stones and heart rhythm irregularities that one could encounter on the way to Mars. On the spacecraft he envisions, Mars-hound in the year, say, 2018, there may lurk harmful bacteria or carbon monoxide. No problem. The deadly substances will be detected by smart sensors-microprocessors no bigger than a thumbnail--that wander at will through the spacecraft, communicating their finds to a computer that warns the crew.
To cope with infection, Sutton plans a factory to make drugs, even new ones, to cope with possible organisms on Mars. Miniature optical and ultrasound devices will image body and brain, while a small X-ray machine keeps track of any bone loss. Smart sensors embedded in clothing will monitor an astronaut's vital functions. The crew will be able to craft body parts, Sutton says, precisely tooled to an astronaut's personal anatomy and genome stored in computer memory. Researchers are building artificial liver, bone and cartilage (软骨) tissue right now.
Lying in wait beyond the Earth's atmosphere, solar radiation poses additional problems. The sun flings billions of tons of electrically charged gas into space, relegating Earth's volcanic eruptions to mere hiccups. Nevertheless, NASA officials are confident the accurate monitoring will warn astronauts of such events, allowing the crew to take refuge in an area where polyethylene (乙烯) shielding will absorb the radiation.
A second kind of radiation, cosmic rays from the Milky Way or other galaxies, is a more serious threat--possessing too much energy, too much speed for shielding to be effective. "There's no way you can avoid them," says Francis Cxueinotta, manager of NASA’s Johnson Space Centre. "They pass through tissue, striking ceils and leaving them uns
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Surviving In Space
Motion sickness afflicts more than two-thirds of all astronauts upon reaching orbit, even veteran test pilots who have never been airsick. Though everyone recovers after a few days in space, body systems continue to change. Deprived of gravity information, a confused brain engenders visual illusions. Sensing too much fluid, the body begins to excrete it, including calcium, electrolytes and blood plasma. The production of red blood cells decreases, rending astronauts slightly anaemic. With the loss of fluid, legs shrink. Spinal discs expand, and so does the astronaut--who may gain five centimeters and suffer backache. Though the process may sound terrible, astronauts adjust to it, come to enjoy it and seem no worse for wear--at least for short missions such as space shuttle flights that last a week or two
During longer flights, however, physiology enters an unknown realm. As director of Russia's Institute for Biomedical Problems from 1968 to 1988, Oleg Gazenko watched cosmonauts return from long flights unable to stand without tainting, needing to be carried from the spacecraft. "We are creature of the Earth," Gazenko told me. "These changes are the price of a ticket to space."
Americans, returning from months-long flights on Mir, the Russian space station, also paid the price, suffering losses in weight, muscle mass and bone density. NASA geared up to see how--even if--humans would survive the most demanding of space ventures, a mission to Mars, which could last up to three years. "We don't even know if a broken bone will heal in space," said Daniel Goldin, NASA's administrator. To get answers, in 1997 Gohtin established the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), a consortium of experts from a dozen leading universities and research institutes. NSBRI will study biomedical problems and by 2010 will present NASA with a "go" or "no go" recommendation on a Mars mission.
Jeffery Sutton, leader of the medical systems team at the NSBRI, has treated tile head trauma, wounds, kidney stones and heart rhythm irregularities that one could encounter on the way to Mars. On the spacecraft he envisions, Mars-bound in the year, say, 2018, there may lurk harmful bacteria or carbon monoxide. No problem. The deadly substances will be detected by smart sensors--micro-processors no bigger than a thumbnail--that roam autonomously through the spacecraft, communicating their finds to a computer that warns the crew.
To cope with infection, Sutton plans a factory to make drugs, even new ones, to cope with possible organisms on Mars. Miniature optical and ultrasound devices will image body and brain, while a small X-ray machine keeps track of any bone loss. Smart sensors embedded in clothing will monitor an astronaut's vital functions. The crew will be able to craft body parts, Sutton says, precisely tooled to an astronaut's personal anatomy and genome stored in computer memory. Researchers are building artificial liver, bone and cartilage tissue right now.
Lying in wait beyond the earth's atmosphere, solar radiation poses additional problems. Coronal mass ejections fling billions of tone of electrically charged gas into space, relegating the earth's volcanic eruptions to mere hiccups. Nevertheless, NASA officials are confident that accurate monitoring will warn astronauts of such events, allowing the crew to take refuge in an area where polyethylene shielding will absorb the radiation.
A second kind of radiation, cosmic rays from the Milky Way or other galaxies, is a more serious threat--possessing too much energy, too much speed for shielding to be effective. "There's no way you can avoid them," says Francis Cucinotta, manager of NASA's Johnson Space Centre. "They pass through tissue, striking cells and leaving them unstable, mutilated or dead. Understanding their biological effects is
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
SURVIVING IN SPACE
Motion sickness troubles more than two thirds of all astronauts upon reaching orbit, even veteran test pilots who have never been airsick. Though everyone recovers after a few days in space, body systems continue to change. Deprived(丧失) of gravity information, a confused brain creates visual illusions. Body fluids surge to chest and head. The heart enlarges slightly, as do other organs. Sensing too much fluid, the body begins to discharge it, including calcium, electrolytes(电解液) and blood plasma(血浆). The production of red blood cells decreases, rendering astronauts slightly anaemic(贫血的). With the loss of fluid, legs shrink. Spinal(脊骨的) discs expand, and so does the astronaut—who may gain five centimeters and suffer backache. Though the process may sound terrible, astronauts adjust to it, come to enjoy it and seem no worse for wear—at least for short missions such as space shuttle flights that last a week or two.
During longer flights, however, physiology enters an unknown realm. As director of Russia's Institute for Biomedical Problems from 1968 to 1988, Oleg Gazenko watched cosmonauts return from long flights unable to stand without fainting, needing to be carried from the spacecraft. "We are creatures of the Earth", Gazenko told me. "These changes are the price of a ticket to space".
Americans, returning from months-long flights on Mir, the Russian space station, also paid the price, suffering losses in weight, muscle mass and bone density. NASA geared up to see how—even if—humans would survive the most demanding of space ventures, a mission to Mars, which could last up to three years. "We don't even know if a broken bone will heal in space," said Daniel Goldin, NASA's administrator. To get answers in 1997 Goldin established the National Space Biomedical Research Institute(NSBRI), a panel of experts from a dozen leading universities and research institute. NSBRI will Study biomedical problems and by 2010 will present NASA with a "go" or "no go" recommendation on a Mars mission.
Jeffrey Sutton, leader of the medical systems team at the NSBRI, has treated the head trauma, wounds, kidney stones and heart rhythm irregularities that one could encounter on the way to Mars. On the spacecraft he envisions, Mars-bound in the year, say, 2018, there may lurk harmful bacteria or carbon monoxide. No problem. The deadly substances will be detected by smart sensors—microprocessors no bigger than a thumbnail—that wander at will through the spacecraft, communicating their finds to a computer that warns the crew.
To cope with infection, Sutton plans a factory to make drugs, even new ones, to cope with possible organisms on Mars. Miniature optical and ultrasound devices will image body and brain, while a small X-ray machine keeps track of any bone loss. Smart sensors embedded in clothing will monitor an astronaut's vital functions. The crew will be able to craft body parts, Sutton says, precisely tooled to an astronaut's personal anatomy and genome stored in computer memory. Re searchers are building artificial liver, bone and cartilage(软骨) tissue right now.
Lying in wait beyond the Earth's atmosphere, solar radiation poses additional problems. The sun flings billions of tons of electrically charged gas into space, relegating Earth's volcanic eruptions to mere hiccups. Nevertheless, NASA officials are confident the accurate monitoring will warn astronauts of such events, allowing the crew to take refuge in an area where polyethylene(聚乙烯) shielding will absorb the radiation.
A second kind of radiation, cosmic rays from the Milky Way or other galaxies, is a more serious threat—possessing too much energy, too much speed for shielding to be effective. "There's no way you can avoid them," says Francis Cxucinotta, manager of NASA's Johnson Space Centre. "They pass through tissue, striking cells and leaving them unstable, mutila
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Ancient Water From Afar
It streaked across the sky on a warm March evening last year, then crashed into a street in the small town of Monahans, Texas. When seven boys quit their basketball game to inspect the damage, they found a shiny, black grapefruit-size rock settled in the asphalt (沥青). Word of the “flaming rock” traveled quickly in newspapers and on TV. The next day, NASA scientist Everett Gibson arrived and took the meteorite(陨石) , later named Monahans 1998, back to a lab in Houston. There researchers broke open the extraterrestrial (地球外的)rock with a hammer and chisel (凿子). To their surprise, they struck water. A team led by Michael Zolensky of the Johnson Space Center reports this discovery in a journal. It’s the first time anyone has found liquid water in an object from space—and a suggestion that life may exist out side our planet.
Meteorites containing water are probably not scarce, Zolensky says. But by the time researchers get their hands on the rocks, minerals that trap the water have dissolved away, and the water have evaporated. Worse, some researchers destroy the evidence by cutting meteor ites open with rock saws and water. “I’m betting this isn’t such a rare finds it’s just that people have been mistreating their meteorites,” Zolensky says.
Of course, Zolensky’s team did get a bit lucky. Monahans 1998 was safe in their lab less than two days after it hit the Earth, so they examined an unusually fresh sample. The scientists were keen to find vivid purple crystals of halite (岩盐)inside the meteorite, since halite is a salt mineral usually formed from liquid water. Even more curious were the hundreds of tiny bubbles suspended in the halite crystals. Zolensky’s team analyzed the bubbles by shining a laser beam through them and confirmed they were made of salty brine (盐水).
By dating the halite, Zolensky’s team found the water trapped inside it formed at least 4.5 billion years ago, back when most scientists believe our solar system was born. That means the briny object amy help researchers learn about the gaseous nebulas(星云)that gave rise to our sun and planets.
But how did the meteorite get wet？ One possibility is that a passing comet smashed into the rock, dropping off a load of liquid water. Or the rock might have chipped off an asteroid (小行星)that holds pools of fluid. Zolensky’s team still needs to study whether the water comes from our own solar system. One thing is certain, however: the Monahans meteorite will fuel the debate on extraterrestrial life, “Water is a life-giver, so if you want to study where life came from in the solar system, you have to follow where water came from,” Zolensky says. A wet rock from space doesn’t mean little green men are coming soon to a planet near you, but it does raise hopes that we’re not alone in the universe.
Scientist find liquid water inside the rock.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
Greenwashing takes many forms. "Companies often advertise themselves as environmentally friendly even though they might have some pretty hideous environment records, "says Jill Johnson of the group Earth Day 2002. California's PG&E, the utility that settled out of court after the real Erin Breckovich accused it of polluting groundwater, runs pro-environmental ads. But PG&E is due in court in November on charges of polluting wells in a second California town. "PG&E has a very good environmental track record, "says spokesman Greg Pruett, citing recycling and waste reduction. Weyerhaeuser, the timber company, cuts old-growth trees in Canada but trumpets the 100 million tree seedlings it will plant this year.
Overall, the greening of corporate America is real and has not been as hard to achieve as some environmental activists imagined. That is especially true for greenhouse gases and climate change, the focus of Earth Day 2000. "Now there is more recognition by companies that there may be an economic advantage to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases," says Paul Portney, president of the think tank Resources for the Future. More and more companies are changing the way they heat and light their buildings and design their factories to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as their energy bills. (Energy-efficiency upgrades can save a company roughly ＄ 1 per square foot of office or factory space every year.) The reductions often exceed those called for in the 1997 international agreement on greenhouse warming called Kyoto Treaty, whose goal of reducing greenhouse emissions 7 percent from their 2000 levels is deemed so threatening to the economy by oil, coal and chemical companies that the White House does not dare to submit to the Senate for ratification.
The "Aqua Power", sold by the Germany utility Bayernwerk, is ______.
A．green energy
B．less expensive
C．ordinary electricity
D．not popular
Dr Samuel Johnson compiled the American Dictionary of the English Language.()
M: Hi, Ms. Jennings. This is Michael Markinson, the Sales Manager of S.C.Johnson Son Corporation.
W: Oh, Mr. Markinson, you called yesterday.I'm sorry I was away at a business meeting yesterday.
M: That's all right. I'm calling to talk with you about some business.
W: Please go ahead.
M: I have studied the pamphlet of your product and I'm impressed with all the equipment the projector has.
W: That is our newly designed built-in projector.
M: I see. I'm thinking of ordering twenty sets.But there's one problem.
W: What's that？
M: Price. It is not possible for US to make any sales at this price.
W: $ 369 is about as low as we can go.
M: I'm afraid I can't agree with you there. Your price is higher than that of many other companies.
W: But considering the high quality, our price is very reasonable.
M: I don't deny that the projector is of top quality.If you could go a little lower, says 300 for each projector, I'd give you the order right away.
W: Well, I don't know if we can do it. Let me talk to our General Manager.
M: All right. When can I get a reply？
W: Well, I think I can give you a reply the day after tomorrow.
M: That's great. Thank you very much.
W: My pleasure. Goodbye!
M: Goodbye!
？Look at the notes below.
？Some information is missing.
？You will hear a man bargaining for a better price.
？For each question (9-15), fill in the missing information in the numbered space using a word,number or letter.
？After you have listened once, replay the recording.
Talking About Business-Bargaining for a Better Price
Company Name (that offers the price) : (9) Fraser Projector______Corporation
Company
Name: S.C. Johnson & Son Corporation
Position of Ms.
Jennings: (10) Marketing______
Position of Mr. Markinson: (11)______Manager
Price
offer： (12) $______for each projector
Price bargained
for： (13) $______for each projector
Solution: (14) Talk to the______
Reply
date: (15)______
(9)
A．The visiting economist has given several lectures.
B．Dr. Johnson and the guest speaker were schoolmates.
C．Dr. Johnson invited the economist to visit their college.
D．The guest lecturer's opinion is different from Dr. Johnson's.
Nobody but Thomas and Johnson ______ in the laboratory yesterday.
A．are
B．were
C．was
D．has been
Mr. Johnson, together with his wife and two daughters,______(已经投票选举她).
