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Most of the export contracts in China are CIF or CFR contracts, with payment by L/C.
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更多“Most of the export contracts i…”相关的问题
What fruit does New Zealand export most？
A．Kiwi fruit
B．pear
C．apple
According to the passage，“local dynamos”are firms that
A. are venturing abroad most eagerly．
B. tend to be more capital-intensive．
C. are prey to“export fetishism”．
D. mostly focus on home market．
Which of the following is INCORRECT about the news？
A．The newly built uranium mine will be the biggest one in the world.
B．French company will probably take control of the mine.
C．Uranium export is the most important sources of foreign currency for Niger.
D．The open of the mine will provide jobs for the local people.
？Read the text below about after-sale service.
？In most of the lines 41—52 there is one extra word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the meaning of the text. Some lines, however, are correct.
？If a line is correct, write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet.
？If there is an extra word in the line, write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet.
0 Service is the prompt delivery of the product. It is courteous sales personnel. It is a
00 user or service manual modified to meet for your customer's needs. It is ready
41 access to a service facility. It is knowledgeable, cost-effective maintenance, and
42 repair, or replacement. Service is dealer support. Service varies by the product type,
43 the quality of the product, the price of the product, and the distribution channel of
44 employed. So for export products that require no service - such as food products,
45 some consumer goods, and commercial disposables, the issue is resolved when
46 once distribution channels have been identified. On the other hand, because the
47 characteristics of the consumer durables and some consumables demand that
48 service be available. For such products, service is a feature that expected by the
49 consumer. In fact, foreign buyers of industrial goods typically place service at the
50 forefront of the criteria they evaluate when they making a purchase decision. An
51 exporting firm' s strategy and market entry decision may be dictate that it does not
52 provide with after-sale service. It may determine that its export objective is the single or multiple opportunistic entry into export markets. Although this approach may work in the short term, subsequent product offerings will be less successful as buyers recall the failure to provide expected levels of service. As a result, market development and sales expenditures may result in one-time sales.
(41)
&8226;Which clip does each sentence refer to？
&8226;For each sentence, mark one letter A, B, C, D or E.
&8226;You will need to use some of these letters more than once.
A.
Commitment: Developing export markets can be costly in terms of time, money have the commitment required to make a success of export？ Entering new markets and developing them usually takes considerable time and effort. You must take a long-term view. Consider how many resources and how long it takes to break into a new regional market in Australia. The time and cost can be multiplied several times when you are looking at an overseas market.
B.
Finance: Breaking into any new markets requites considerable funds (airfares, accommodation, advertising, sales promotion, new brochures, training of overseas sales agent, etc.). Does your company have the financial strength to commit say $ 30,000 or more for the year or two it may take to develop a new overseas market？
Discusses your plans with the international Department of your bank to ensure that all the financial aspects are covered and viable. Gain an understanding of international trade finance. Discuss costing-for-export with your accountant, and transport/packaging requirements with a customs agent or forwarding agent.
C.
Become familiar with common terms used in international trade. The Australian Trade Commission (AUSTRADE) and the major trading banks have reference booklets. The Australian Institute of Expert provides courses.
D.
Select one or two likely markets and undertake desk research to identify their characteristics. Most first-time exporters start with New Zeatand. Many are also interested in the USA, but that is an enormous and complex market.
In making a detailed market study the following should be considered:
？whether the country selected already imports the product (import statistics will show how much and from where)
？what import duties the product would attract
？other barriers to imports, such as import licensing
？frequency and cost of shipping or airfreight between Australia and the market
？regulations, such as quarantine and labeling standards, consumer protection rules, and product standards
？whether cultural differences need to be taken into account. 'Read economic and social literature on the target market to understand its fundamental characteristics.
E.
The desk research should have indicated the market with the most potential and you should now be in a good position to visit the target market. The main purpose of the visit will be to study its special characteristics, the opportunities/competition at first hand, seek a suitable agent or distributor, and jointly draw up an appropriate marketing plan to introduce and expand the sale of your product. These are all very important considerations, and more than one visit will probably be necessary. Choosing the right agent, for most Companies, is probably the single most important step. Do not rush this step.
A long-term approach has to be taken in projecting how to crack the world market.
When faced with the decision of selecting a mode of transportation, the exporter has five basic types available from which to choose, depending, of course, upon the geographicalproximity[1] of the countries of export and import: ocean, air, rail, truck, and inland water. A sixth alternative is pipeline which transports very specialized products. The choice between available methods of transportation is usually determined by a combination of cost , time , and security.
Ocean transportation is by far the most dominant mode of international transportation , and air transport is the most " glamorous" and fastest growing. The significance of the other basic types of international transportation varies depending upon the countries involved. For example,rail and truck shipments do not constitute a significant portion of the export transactions of the United States, except perhaps for those that involve buyers in Canada. In contrast,these transport modes carry large amounts of export goods among the countries of Europe. Similarly,inland waterways are not important carriers of goods between countries except in Europe where waterways such as the Rhine and Danube rivers carry large amounts of goods among the countries through which they flow. Often the use of these relatively less important modes of transport depends upon the nature of specific products in unique geographic situations. The use of trucks to haul fresh produce from northem Mexico to the United States illustrates this practice.
Ocean transportation is widely used because it is a relatively low-cost way to transport goods, and it can easily handle large shipments. In addition, certain geographic conditions may make it impossible to use overland transportation to some foreign markets andinfeasible[2] to use it to others.
Many diverse types of products are being transported to foreign markets by air in large volume-computers, office machines, electrical and electronic equipment, automobile parts, television sets,pharmceuticals[3], certain metal manufactures, and wearing apparel to name but a few. Thus , even with existing technology, it is evident that air cargo movements are no longer confined to fast shipments of emergency supplies, goods of high value , (for example ,jewel) and perishable products (for example , fresh flowers) , although it is widely used for such products. Not only is time in transit reduced from a minimum of 10 days to a few hours, but also less handling and simpler packing requirements are involved.
Time in transit is but one of the so-called hidden costs that may be relevant. For example,concerning time in transit and the ability to put a f'acility to use sooner (thus avoiding lost sales) ,a West German company bought 230hosiery-knitting machines[4] from a US manufacturer. The machines were shipped by air at a cost of USD 224 per unit which was considerably greater than the ocean rate of USD37. 80 per unit. Delivery time was shortened by 10 days giving the Cerman manuf'acturer the opportunity to produce 207 000 pairs of hosiery, which apparently offset the transportation cost.
Small shipments may be sent by intemational parcel post, air parcel post, or air couner service rather than pay the higher minimum bill of lading charges for ocean freight or air shipment. While larger shipments are charged on the basis of weight or measurement,very small shipments are charged a set flat fee because of the costs involved in documentation and handling.
The method of transportation is usually selected by the importer. The route selected for the export shipment may be determined by either the exporter or the importer. In practice , the importer should indicate the route he or she thinks is most desirable. The final selection of the exact route,however,should generally be left to thediscretion[5] of the exporter, since the exporter is more fully acquainted with conditions surrounding the shipment in the country from which it is sent, and particularly the immediate conditions at time of shipment.
[1]接近
[2]不可行的
[3]医药的
[4]针织品编织机
[5]判断力
Questions for reading :
&8226;You will hear five short recordings. The speakers are presenting awards to companies that have excelled in different aspects of business.
&8226;For each recording, decide what the company is receiving its award for.
&8226;Write one letter (A-H) next to the number of the recording.
&8226;Do not use any letter more than once.
&8226;After you have listened once, replay the recordings.
A innovation in public relations
B staff involvement in decision-making
C after-sales policy
D product improvement
E environmental awareness
F staff training
G employee benefits
H export success
ACME Atlantic is a well-known and respected trading company.
We handle with imports directly from manufacturers in 35 different 【M1】______
countries, often to our own specifications, and currently import to 【M2】______
46 different countries worldwide.
We are looking for enthusiastic people to work in their office in 【M3】______
Beruda on temporary 3-, 6- and 9-month contracts. Applicants must
be able to speak and write at most one foreign language fluently and 【M4】______
can be nationals of any country.
Experience in import/export will be advantage, but as special 【M5】______
training will be available this is not essential. The main requirement
is willing to work as a member of a team, to cope with pressure, to 【M6】______
use the telephone in a foreign language and in English and be prepared 【M7】______
occasionally to work long hours when necessary.
There are several posts available and long-term prospects are good,
for initially all successful applicants will be contracted for a maximum 【M8】______
of 9 months.
The salary we will offer is excellent. We pay for your return air fair 【M9】______
and provide adequate accommodation at a nominal rent.
Please apply in your own handwriting, enclose your resume, to 【M10】______
Charles Fox, European Sales Office, ACME Atlantic Ltd, 45
Pentonville Road, London EC2 4AC.
【M1】
？Look at the statements below and the five extracts.
？Which extract (A, B, C, D or E) does each statement (1-8) refer to？
？For each statement (1-8), mark one letter (A, B, C, D or E) on your Answer Sheet.
？You will need to use some of these letters more than once.
A
To maintain a statistical measure of the quantity of goods shipped abroad and to provide a means of determining whether regulations are being met, most countries require ship ments abroad to be accompanied by an export declaration. Usually such a declaration, presented at the port of exit, includes the names and addresses of the principals involved, the destination of the goods, a full description of the goods, and their declared value. When manufacturers are exporting from the United States, Customs and the Department of Cormmerce require an export declaration for all shipments. If specific licenses are required to ship a particular commodity, the export license must be presented with the export declaration for proper certification. It thus serves as the principal means of control for regulatory agencies of the U.S. government.
B
In exporting, the bill that the exporter or consignor sends to the importer or consignee is called a commercial invoice. This invoice lists full particulars of the shipment. The marks, the number of packages, an accurate packing list, and a full description of the merchandise should appear on the commercial invoice. It should state the name of the ship (if ocean transportation is used), the name and address of the consignee, the contract number, the code word for the contract if one is used, the price per unit of the merchandise, and the total price of the shipment. The commercial invoice should also show the nature of the price quotation, whether the merchandise is sold FOB factory, FAS vessel, or ClF port of destination.
C
Another essential shipping document for shipments to some countries is the consular invoice. This is a document obtained by the exporter in his or her country from the governmental representative of the importer's country. It was originally designed to help ensure that fair market values would be listed on the invoices prepared by the exporter. Thus the exporter must prepare and haw certified before the foreign consul or representative a document containing all essential details of the sale. After certification the document is forwarded to the buyer for presentation to customs with the customs declaration, ostensibly for use in determining the amount of tariff to be levied.
In recent years, a number of countries including the United States and the Philippines, have eliminated the requirement for the consular invoice. But where they are still required, they must be provided.
D
The packing list is sometimes displayed on the commercial invoice, or it may be a separate document, depending on the number of packages and the complexity of the list. It should contain, item by item, the contents of cases or containers in a shipment. The items should
be listed separately with their weight and description set forth so as to make a complete check of the contents of each package possible upon arrival at the port of destination or the customs office. This information is also useful for the consignee. Any variation in description from the commercial invoice or consular invoice usually subjects the consignee to large fines, which are then passed on to the exporter.
E
These contain a wide variety of special inspection certificates issued by various authorities and may be required by the importer to meet his or her own or government requirements. These documents certify as to purity and absence of disease, and are issued to cover food products, plants, seeds, and live animals. Frequently, they must be legalized by the consular representative of the importing country. Food products are those
To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography, history and economies. Together these three will explain the huge growth of America's most famous city.
The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily-populated areas in this region are around seaports. At these points materials from across the sea enter America, and the products of the land are sent there for export across the sea.
Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into completed goods. That is why seaports often have cities nearby. But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers. Their development did not happen simply by chance.
About 1815,when many Americans from the east coast had already moved to the west, trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time, drawn by horses or oxen, were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europe's canals. In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem. From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long trip of low land. Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After working for several years it was completed in 1825.
The canal produced an immediate effect. Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what they had been. New York City, which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, quickly became the leading city of the coast. In later years, transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to mutes on the Mississippi River. Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that extended from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the ississippi.
The new railroads made canal shipping not important as before, but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country. It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas.
Exports from New York were greater than imports. Consequently, shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe. Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result.
Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of them remained in the city. Others stayed in New York for a few weeks, months, or years, and then moved to other parts of the United States. For these great numbers of new Americans, New York had to provide homes, goods, and services. Their labor helped the city become great.
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage？
A．The Development of Transportation in New York.
B．Exports and Imports of New York.
C．How New York Became America's Largest City？
D．How New York Exchanged with Europe？
