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Concerningthe value of age, women in particular feel the threat that the visible changes of ageing bring.
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A.They have been friends all along
B.Sometimes one has to face a dilemma concerning one’s duty to his nation and his personal attachment
C.One is supposed to value nation more than personal ties
D.Taking sides is more important than maintenance of friendship
Which of the following statements about examinations in China is correct？
A．People can make money out of examinations.
B．Only students of today have to take examinations.
C．Students have to learn more about history than about any other subjects.
D．People have different opinions concerning the value of examinations.
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Expectations for personal relationships differ greatly across cultures．It is important to know that most AmericanS value close friendships，they also value privacy and independence．From an American perspective，to have privacy or to give someone privacy is considered posi-tive．Yet。when the word“privacy”is translated into other languages（e．g．Russian，Arabic，and Japanese）．it has more of a negative meaning．（In these languages“privacy”means aloneness or loneliness．）Therefore，the American’s need for privacy is sometimes judged negatively by those who have not been raised with the value of individualism．some Americans are isolated from others because they have taken their independence and privacy to an extreme．Others simply like spending time alone or at least having the freedom to avoid socializing if they choose． In any true friendship，whatever the culture may be， a person is expected to show interest and concen in a friend’S serious problems．But how does one show this across cuhures？It is not possible to generalize about Americans because there are SO manv varieties of Americans．but it is possible to say that many foreigners or newcomers from different cultures have felt disappointed by Americans．A common occurrence is when an American does not Dhone or visit as much．as the foreigner expects．If someone from another culture is having a serious problem，Americans may say，“Let me know if there’s anything l．can do to help．”If the Americans do not receive．a specific request，they may feel that there’s nothing they can do．In this case．They may call every now and then to stay in touch．The friend from a different culture，on the other hand，may be expecting“sympathy calls or frequent visits，and may not hesitate to demon．strate a dependence on a friend．Many Americans arc uncomfortable whrn people become too dependent．
What do Americans lay emphasis on concerning expectations for personal relationships？
A.Close friendships．
B.Privacy．
C.Valuable culture．
D.Both A and B．
So, what should be done to stimulate consumer spending？ World-renowned economist Paul Krugman argues that the public should be encouraged to expect inflation. His theory is based on psychology: Consumers tend to increase spending if they expect inflation, and cut spending if they anticipate deflation.
In my opinion, though, this psychology applies only to real estate. During the bubble economy, land prices in and around Japan's six largest cities soared at an annualized 23.2 percent. In five years starting in fiscal 1985, land prices in the same area grew 2.8 times. In such a situation, people naturally rushed to obtain mortgages and buy homes. Land prices started falling in fiscal 1991. During the subsequent recession, prices in and around the six largest cities plunged 33 percent, or an annualized 10.2 percent, from fiscal 1990. The plunge led to a sharp depreciation in real-estate values, causing potential home buyers to expect further drops. This dampened real-estate transactions and touched off a chain reaction in price declines.
Such a scenario, however, is unlikely with the new generation of high-tech products such as personal computers, digital cameras and DVD systems. These products command surprisingly high prices when they debut, but mass production causes prices to drop by more than half within several years. Consumers expect deflation over the years for new high-tech products, which often sell out at first due to strong demand.
Real-estate prices are based on asset value (present value incorporating future gains) while consumer-product prices are based on utility value (value of convenience and satisfaction obtained from using the products ). Consumers buy new digital cameras for their convenience and new features. Thus expectations of future price drops are unlikely to discourage them from making purchases. Expectations of inflation do cause people to rush to buy real estate, but there is no significant correlation between consumer spending and expectations of inflation. However, should expectations of inflation cause a benign cycle of inflation and a strong rise in real-estate prices, the "asset effect" can lead to an increase in consumer spending.
In this passage the author tries to______.
A．criticize Paul Krugman for omitting some crucial points in his theory.
B．explain the recession in the consumer-product in Japan.
C．bring up a theory concerning the consumer behavior.
D．cast some light on how to pull Japan out of the recession in the consumer-product.
？Which tip (A, B, C , D or E ) does each statement 1-8 refer to？
？For each statement 1-8, mark one letter (A, B, C , D or E ) on your Answer Sheet.
？You will need to use some of these letters more than once.
A
About Marketing
Our theory going into 2002 was that most companies would hold their breath and wait for the economy to move before investing in marketing. And cutting back marketing dollars did turn out to be the wave that most companies were riding. But, it is just a knee jerk reaction to a down turn. Those that continued to market through this year are in better shape going into 2003 than when they staged in 2002, Marketing is not for just the best of times, it's crucial in the worst of times.
B
About the Customer
Aside from wondering where you're going to get new customers, we all learned that it should really be about retaining your existing customers. Guess what？ That's where the lion's share of your business is coming from anyway. Too bad many companies cut back on customer service. Some companies chased away their existing customers in droves in the interest of saving money. It doesn't make sense.
C
About Relationships
Many assumed price was the major issue with customers. A customer is surely going to talk about pricing. But you have to move that conversation in a mote productive direction. It's not about pricing. It's about value. If you can demonstrate value you don't have to lead with price, In large part, the value in any customer interaction is the relationship you build with them and how you maintain it. And the hard truth is if you're serious about relationships, you maintain them even when they aren't buying. Why？ Because once they have money they will stick with those who stuck with them.
D
Doing More With Less
The days of spending marketing and sales dollars like water are over. That's not a bad thing, really. It means that companies are now going to really think through their decisions and make better ones. It's better for the economy in the long term. And it gives everyone an opportunity to present the best solutions and the best value for business propositions. Doing more with less is actually smarter and will improve the business climate over the long haul, which is really what counts.
E
Pipeline
Every company should be working on near-term, mid-term and long-term opportunities. This is solid selling technique. In a tight economy, it's absolutely imperative. We all knew that 2002 had very little low-hanging fruit to grab. That meant you had to march harder, more creatively and longer to build a solid pipeline. Ideally, you should have a handful of deals just ready to close, a handful of hot prospects, and more than a handful of opportunities that you are moving along. The time to start is always NOW! Going into 2003, what does your pipeline look like？
Something other than money is more important.
&8226;Read this text taken from an article about marketing.
&8226;Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.
&8226;For each gap (9-14), mark one letter (A-H) on your Answer Sheet.
&8226;Do not use any letter more than once.
How effective is your marketing？
Gone are the days when companies had departments full of staff whose role nobody understood. Today we are all accountable and have to be able to demonstrate the value of our contribution to our businesses. And rightly so. But when it comes to marketing, what is effectiveness, how do you measure it, and why is its measurement so important？
Businesses are starting to recognise the key marketing questions. Are we providing the right products for the right people at the right price？ Are our brands better than those of our competitors？ (9) That's because marketing is not the fluffy stuff that can be axed when the going gets tough - it is the essence of business. So if marketing is important, it follows that it pays to know if yours is working.
The first stage in the process is understanding your current position. How successful is your brand today？ What is your market share？ You should equip yourself with some sound facts and figures on which to base your conclusions. (10) It could be simply to boost sales. You may want to reinforce your leadership in a market or trounce a competitive brand. Influencing future profitability, possibly by building a short-term brand share, may be a priority. A clear objective is essential.
But how do you know if your marketing is achieving your goals？ (11) Their success is not just related to how many boxes leave the factory. Effectiveness may not be tangible. It may be financial, it may not. 'The brand' is an intangible asset, but it is now seen as an important one. Quantifying the value of an intangible asset is a difficult, but not impossible, task.
It is also necessary to evaluate both long-term effectiveness and the short-term outcomes of any campaign. (12) But the care of a brand is a marathon, not a sprint, and it is important not to lose sight of the long-term consequences.
Choosing the right measurement tools to evaluate a campaign is another important issue. (13) The accuracy they thus ensure should be consistent over time and correspond to the wider objectives of the business. Ultimately, marketing must deliver profit.
The essential debate should no longer be about the importance of marketing, but what we should do to measure its effectiveness, and what measures will ensure survival. (14) But to others it is likely to be a controversial issue - and one which can produce responses leading to widely different directions for their enterprises.
A Having done that, next comes establishing what it is that marketing activities should be achieving.
B Because of this, you may want to generate return on investment, perhaps by raising the quality of your brand.
C This shift in focus will be taken as read by the most successful businesses.
D Addressing such issues should mean that profits take care of themselves.
E Concerning the latter, it may be tempting to be seduced by efforts that yield quick results and satisfy investor pressure for immediate returns.
F These should be precise and based on empirical data.
G Good strategies are not necessarily linked to production or sales figures.
H Today we are all accountable and have to be able to demonstrate the value of our contribution to our businesses.
(9)
, yet it is today an issue around in which controversy flourishes. At each stage of their school lives children are faced with exams: exams to enter junior middle school, senior middle school, vocational school, colleges and universities. As a result of having constantly to think of these hurdles facing them children find themselves under constant pressure, unable to take time off from studying exam-oriented subjects to relax with friends or to develop other interests. Within school the concentration on exam success leads to the neglect of courses which are not central to the examinations and a method of teaching and learning which emphasizes training the ability to do well in tests but neglects developing the ability to think creatively.
Despite such criticisms the examination system still has its defenders. Without it, they argue, how can we test students' abilities and evaluate the effectiveness of teachers and schools？ They believe that they provide the only objective way of selecting students and reduce the exercise of unfair back-door practices to gain advantage for children on the basis of influence or corruption. Examinations are also felt to offer the impetus to students to master their subject in a way in which they otherwise might not. "While too much anxiety can be a bad thing, a little anxiety can stimulate students to learn better than if left without any test to pass," says Li Jie, a leading advocate of the value of testing. "I can remember things now which give me great pleasure which I doubt I would have learned at the time if I had not had to do so for the examinations."
57. Which of the following statements about examinations in China is correct？
[A] People can make money out of examinations.
[B] Only students of today have to take examinations.
[C] Students have to learn more about history than about any other subjects.
[D] People have different opinions concerning the value of examinations.
58. What is a possible result if students pay too much attention to examinations？
[A] Students neglect those exam-oriented subjects.
[B] Students are unable to relax with friends or to develop other interests.
[C] Teachers neglect the training of the students' ability to do well in tests.
[D] Students only pay attention to the development of their ability to think creatively.
59. Which of the following has NOT been mentioned as the advantage of examinations？
[A] Examinations are the only objective way of selecting students.
[B] Examinations are the only objective way to eliminate the problem of corruption.
[C] Examinations can tell us that too much anxiety can be a bad thing.
[D] Examinations can better stimulate students to study.
60. According to the passage, why are some people against exams？
[A] They are meaningless.
[B] They will make students learn something useless.
[C] They are believed to cause stress for the students.
[D] They are not related to the reality of life.
61. Which of the following is an acceptable summary of the organization of this passage？
[A] Discussing a problem in education.
[B] Refuting a long held opinion.
[C] Persuading people to believe an idea.
[D] Presenting a controversial issue and arguments from both sides.
McClary's position, concerning the process by which music is gendered as
masculine or feminine, is that socially-grounded codes are "composed into" the
music, that they are immanent to the text, there to be discovered. McClary has
traced narratives of power and sexual differences in sonata forms by mapping
(5) the gendered terms in which theorists have described them onto pieces which
variously appear to enact or resist such constructions.
Rieger has likewise traced the inchoate differentiation of musical affects by
gendered characters in late-eighteenth-century opera, and charted their much
heightened divergence in contemporary film music. Both of these approaches
(10) share a common assumption of a degree of awareness of such gendered codes at
the point of composition, an awareness which, if not fully reflective, at least
shows a composer's "practical consciousness" of how musical expression works
within his or her culture. This conception permits music to participate fully in
cultural processes, thereby allowing us to bring cultural contexts to bear in our
(15) explanatory models of musical styles and forms, but its critics rightly argue that
it carries an extreme risk: it is all too easy for this approach to re-inscribe the
values it would aim to critique. We may accuse McClary of adopting the very
stereotypes she deplores, and similarly we may regard her identification of
musical difference with cultural difference to be an overinterpretation, though
(20) unless we limit our focus to some extreme of the avant-garde, we must concede
that some kind of contrast between masculinity and femininity will always exist
in any music.
It is perhaps best to argue the possibility that such gender metaphors are
merely functions of our interpretational frameworks, imposed on music from the
(25) outside. Treitler describes the way in which scholars from the eighteenth to the
twentieth centuries have differentiated between Old Roman and Gregorian chant
repertories in gendered terms, and argues that these metaphors relate entirely
to a project of Western cultural supremacy, and not to any immanent musical
characteristics of the actual chants. We may make the same point about all
(30) repertories: gender is encoded not in the music, but in the critical language we
use, much like Pigmalion's chisel, to bring the music to life. While this
position is weaker than McClary's in an explanatory capacity—it cannot use
social values to account for why a piece was written the way it was rather than
any other, aesthetically speaking--its value is ultimately greater in that it
(35) allows us to develop fresh listening strategies which invest familiar and well-
loved music with new and arguably more positive values. Hence, it is more
attractive for the development of a politically responsible critical strategy,
though even in this respect, the position is not without shortcomings, most of
which become apparent when we examine the relationship between musical
(40) material and cultural meaning.
The author considers the metaphors of masculinity and femininity we associate with certain pieces of music to be
A．external to the music, imposed in most cases by the interpretational criteria of critics and listeners
B．interesting but unnecessary for the enjoyment of these pieces of music by most listeners
C．evidence that socially-grounded codes are composed into music, and not simply the product of interpretation
D．a means by which familiar and well-loved music can be invested with new and arguably more positive values
E．evidence for a fundamental difference between the music of the avant-garde and more traditional varieties
Do women tend to devalue(贬低) the worth of their work？ Do they apply different standards to rewarding their own work more critically than they do to rewarding the work of others？ These were the questions asked by Michigan State University psychologists Lawrence Messe and Charlene Callahan-Levy. Past experiments had shown that when women were asked to decide how much to pay themselves and other people for the same job, they paid themselves less. Following up on this finding, Messe and Callahan-Levy designed experiments to test several popular explanations of why women tend to get less in pay situations.
One theory the psychologists tested was that women judge their own work more harshly than that of others. The subjects for the experiment testing this theory were men and women from the Michigan State undergraduate student body. The job the subjects were asked to perform. for pay was an opinion questionnaire(调查表) requiring a number of short essays on campus-related issues. After completing the questionnaire, some subjects were given six dollars in bills and change and were asked to decide payment for themselves. Others were given the same amount and were asked to decide payment for another subject who had also completed the questionnaire.
The psychologists found that, as in earlier experiments, the women paid themselves less than the men paid themselves. They also found that the women paid themselves less than they paid other women and less than the men paid the women. The differences were substantial. The average paid to women by themselves was $ 2.97. The average paid to men by themselves was $ 4.06. The average paid to women by others was $ 4.37. In spite of the differences, the psychologists found that the men and the women in the experiment evaluated their own performances on the questionnaire about equally and better than the expected performances of others.
On the basis of these findings, Messe and Callahan-Levy concluded that women's attachment of a comparatively low monetary value to their work cannot be based entirely on their judgment of their own ability.
The experiment designed in the passage would be most relevant to the formulation(陈述，表述) of a theory concerning the ______.
A．generally lower salaries received by women workers in comparison to men
B．reluctance of some women to enter professions that are traditionally dominated by men
C．anxiety expressed by some women workers in dealing with male supervisors
D．prejudices often suffered by women in attempting to enter the workforce
The distinction between making art and thinking and writing about it
should imply neither a mutual exclusiveness nor a hierarchic differentiation of
these processes. Leonardo demonstrated that producing art and theorizing about
it need not be antithetically opposed activities and that meaningful contributions
(5) can be achieved successfully in more than one field. Inexplicably, few theorists
have built as memorable architectural structures as his and even fewer artists
have been entrusted with the directorship of an influential art institution.
Unfortunately, as theory and practice became more specialized in the modern
era and their operational framework clearly defined both in the cultural milieu
(10) and the educational process, their independent paths and boundaries have
curtailed possibilities of interaction. The creations of categories and divisions
have further emphasized highly individualized idiosyncrasies and, by exposing
differences, diminished the value of a unifying artistic vocabulary. The
transformative cultural process of the last decades has critically examined the
(15) artificial separations between theoretical and studio practices and disclosed
viable connections between making, writing, thinking, looking and talking
about art. The recent dialogue between the various components of the artistic
discourse has recognized the common denominators shared by theoretical
analyses and artistic production, one of which is clearly exposed by the
(20) argument that the central objective of the theorist and artist is to unmask and
understand artistic meanings in painting or text.
The notion that "true" art is the product of individuals who are incapable of
in-depth understanding, in stark contrast to erudite, restrained and controlled
scholars, is an outdated model. The assumption that artists make art but cannot
(25) or do not have to talk or write about it and that theorists rarely know anything
about the creative process, has been consistently refuted by the many texts
written from Leonardo da Vinci to Mary Kelly. Even van Gogh, a martyr of the
stereotypical "misunderstood genius," whose artistic career has been distorted
by scores of films and books, wrote with lucidity and insight about art and his
(30) work. Apparently, the "mystery" of the creative process, jealously protected
by artists but also selectively cultivated by some art historians has been both a
fascination and frustration for those extrinsic to the process and artists have
exposed the intimacy of creativity while acknowledging the role of cognition in
creativity.
(35) Even the ironic and subversive demise of authorship of the post-modern and
electronic age acknowledges, at least indirectly, the value of the artist's
individual participation. However, many contemporary artists have abandoned
the hierarchic segregation of the inner realm of the creator and, by combining
theoretical and studio practices, brought a reconciliatory tone to the processes
(40) of making art and analyzing it. Their works, which are often simultaneously
artistic productions and critique of the artistic discourse, make use of visual and
textual forms to expose the connection between looking and thinking as the
essential attribute to both creating and understanding art.
According to the passage, the specialization of art and theory has tended to
A．reduce the level of control artists have over artistic institutions
B．increase the usefulness of creating a unifying artistic vocabulary
C．permit a greater level of development of knowledge concerning both
D．curtail interactions and establish false boundaries between the two fields
E．complicate the educational process of artists in an unfortunate manner
