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根据以下材料,回答题New Understanding of Natural Silk"s MysteriesNatural silk, as we all kn

根据以下材料,回答题

New Understanding of Natural Silk"s Mysteries

Natural silk, as we all know, has a strength that manmade materials have long struggled to match. In a discovery that sounds more like an ancient Chinese proverb than a materials science breakthrough, MIT researchers have discovered that silk gets its strength from its weakness. Or,more specifically, its many weaknesses. Silk gets its extraordinary durability and ductility from an unusual arrangement of hydrogen bonds that are inherently very weak but that work together to create a strong, flexible structure.

Most materials- especially the ones we engineer for strength- get their toughness from brittleness. As such, natural silks like those produced by spiders have long fascinated both biologists and engineers because of their light weight, ductility and high strength (pound for pound, silk is stronger than steel and far less brittle). But on its face, it doesn"t seem that silks should be as strong as they are; molecularly, they are held together by hydrogen bonds, which are far weaker than the covalent bonds found in other molecules.

To get a better understanding of how silk manages to produce such strength through such weak bonds, the MIT team created a set of computer models that allowed them to observe the way silk behaves at the atomic level. They found that the arrangement of the tiny silk nanocrystals is such that the hydrogen bonds are able to work cooperatively, reinforcing one another against extemal forces and failing slowly when they do fail, so as not so allow a sudden fracture to spread across a silk structure.

The result is natural silks that can stretch and bend while retaining a high degree of strength.

But while that"s all well and good for spiders, bees and the like, this understandingof silk geometry could lead to new materials that are stronger and more ductile than those we can currently manufacture. Our best and strongest materials are generally expensive and difficult to produce (requiring high temperature treatments or energy-intensive processes).

By looking to silk as a model, researchers could potentially devise new manufacturing methods that rely on inexpensive materials and weak bonds to create less rigid, more forgiving materials that are nonetheless stronger than anything currently on offer. And if you thought you were going to get out of this materials science story without hearing about carbon nanotubes, think again. The MIT team is already in the lab looking into ways of synthesizing silk-like structures out of materials that are stronger than natural silk—— like carbon nanotubes. Super-silks are on the horizon.

MIT researchers carry out the study to illustrate an ancient Chinese proverb. 查看材料

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

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更多“根据以下材料,回答题New Understanding of…”相关的问题
第1题
根据以下材料,回答题。A Letter from Alan-I have learnt of a plan to build three hundred hous

根据以下材料,回答题。

A Letter from Alan-

I have learnt of a plan to build three hundred houses on the land called Parson"s Place by the football ground. Few people know about this new plan to increase the size of our town. For me, Parson"s Place is special because it is a beautiful natural area where local people can relax——the small wood has many unusual trees and the stream is popular with fishermen and bird-watchers. It"s very quiet because there are few houses or roads nearby. I think that losing this area will be terrible because we have no other similar facilities in the neigh bour hood.

I am also against this plan because it will cause traffic problems. How will the people from the new houses travel to work? The motorway and the railway station are on the other side of town. There fore these people will have to drive through the town centre every time they go anywhere.

The roads will always be full of traffic, there will be nowhere to park and the tourists who come to see our lovely old buildings will leave. Shops and hotels will lose business. If the town really needs more homes,the empty ground beside the railway station is a more suitable place.

No doubt the builders will make a lot of money by selling these houses. But,in my opinion, the average person will quickly be made poorer by this plan. As well as this, we will lose a very special place and our town will be much less pleasant.

I am going to the local government offices on Monday morning to protest about this plan and I hope that your readers will join me there. We must make them stop this. plan before it is too late.

Why has Alan written this letter? 查看材料

A.To persuade the government to build new houses.

B.To protest about a new motorway near the town.

C.To encourage more people in the town to use Parson"s Place.

D.,To inform. other people about the builders" plans.

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第2题
根据以下材料,回答题A New Citizenship Test(1) Last week, a sample of the new US citizenship

根据以下材料,回答题

A New Citizenship Test

(1) Last week, a sample of the new US citizenship (公民身份) exam was released by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (US-CIS). It will be tried out in 10 cities early next year to replace the current test in 2008. Instead of asking how many stripes the US flag has, as the current test does, the new one asks why there are 13 stripes. Instead of having to name the branches of government, an applicant is asked to explain why there are three.

(2) "The goal is to make it more meaningful." explains Emilio Gonzalez, director of the US-CIS.Immigrants who pass it are expected to have a better "understanding and respect" for US civic(公民的) values, Gonzalez says.

(3) The US isn"t the only country dealing with citizenship tests that aim to get a "shared commitment" from immigrants for their adopted country"s "values". In recent years, in addition to the usual requirement of language/work skills and economic status, several European countries have adopted citizenship tests. Britain introduced a new citizenship test last November. In March, a new Dutch law took effect requiring all would-be immigrants to take a citizenship test. It involved watching a video showing nude (裸体的 ) women bathing at beaches and gay (同性恋的 ) men kissing in public. The aim was to ensure that "newcomers will be comfortable with the country"s liberal social mores (风俗) ".

(4) Europe has been known for welcoming immigrants for decades. But, today, the fact is that some immigrants are kept apart from local citizens by culture and they become hostile to each other. Promoting integration has become a major concern for European countries, after the rioting in Muslim ghettoes (穆斯林聚居区) in France and the killing of Dutch public figures by religious extremists.

(5) Officials believe that a person"s attachment to, a country can be tested by his or her knowledge of the country. However, some critics say that the changes can do little to help people assimilate (同化) themselves. "Immigration is a culture war today. Is giving a new test the right way to lessen the accusations in that fight?" says Ali Noorani, of the Massachusetts Immigrant and Refugee Advocacy Coalition (难民辩护联盟) .

Paragraph 2 __________ 查看材料

A.Preparation for taking a citizenship test

B.Citizenship tests in European countries

C.Importance of promoting integration

D.Necessity to know the branches of government

E.Different views on the new citizenship test

F.Goal of the new citizenship test

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第3题
根据以下材料,回答题Science Fiction(1) Amongst the most popular books being written today a

根据以下材料,回答题

Science Fiction

(1) Amongst the most popular books being written today are those which are usually classified as science fiction. Hundreds of titles arepublished every year and are read by all kinds of people.

Furthermore, some of the most successful films of recent years have been based on science fiction stories.

(2) It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature, but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago. These books were often concerned with the presentation of some form. of ideal society, a theme which is still often found in modem stories.

(3) Most of the classics of science fiction, however, have been written within the last hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H. G Wells, to mention just two well-known authors, have been translated into many languages.

(4) Modern science fiction writers don"t write about men from Mars(火星)or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technical developments on society and the human mind; or in imagining future worlds which are a reflection of the world which we live in now. Because of this, their writing has obvious political undertones (含义) .

(5) In an age where science fact frequently overtakes (超过) science fiction, the writers may find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances. Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going, however, may provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology.

Paragraph 2 __________ 查看材料

A.A Fairly New Development

B.Classics of Science Fiction

C.Difficulty in Keeping ahead of Scientific Advances

D.Origins of Science Fiction

E.Themes of Modern Science Fiction

F.Pooularitv of Science Fiction

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第4题
根据以下材料,回答题Immigration and ProblemsHundreds of thousands of people supporting immi

根据以下材料,回答题

Immigration and Problems

Hundreds of thousands of people supporting immigration rights in the US filled streets all over America in early 2006. Many held signs and American flags and asked to be treated as citizens—not criminals. Many of these supported legislation from Senator John McCain that would open a path to citizenship to immigrants who were already in the country illegally. Proposed legislation from other politicians called for stricter measures- including rounding up undocumented immigrants and sending them back to their home countries.

Canadian officials say that immigration applications continue to rise. Some want to keep the doors open. They need the labor. About 400,000 immigrants were allowed into the country in 2005,according to the Canadian Government statistics. However, all this growth means that cities need to adapt. New comers don"t always make a smooth transition into jobs for which they are skilled. So industries are using mentoring (辅导 ) programs to help new immigrants find proper jobs.

With the large numbers of undocumented African immigrants arriving in the Canary Islands and showing no sign of abating (减少), the Spanish Government has decided to get tough. There will be no more mass amnesties (特赦) for illegals, and anyone coming to Spain without permission will be sent back, the government has announced. About 23,000 migrants (移民 ) landed on the islands in2006, and riots have erupted in some crowded reception centers. This has promoted local authorities to appeal to the United Nations for help.

France"s new immigration and integration law gives the government new powers to encourage high-skilled migration. It takes effect in 2007. The new law authorizes the government to identify particular professions where France has a talent shortage. Then the government will help these identified employers find immigrant workers with needed skills or qualifications. The selected foreign employees will be granted "skills and talents" visas, valid for three years. But some people show the concern that it"ll cause brain drain in developing countries.

Many immigrants in the US took to the streets in early 2006, demanding that __________ . 查看材料

A.John McCain be removed

B.they be sent back home

C.they be treated as citizens

D.their culture be protected

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第5题
根据以下材料,回答题U.S. to Start $3.2 Billion Child Health Study in JanuaryA study that wi

根据以下材料,回答题

U.S. to Start $3.2 Billion Child Health Study in January

A study that will cost $3.2 billion and last more than two decades to track the health of 100,000 U.S. children from before birth to age 21 will be launched in January, U. S. health officials said on Friday.

Officials from the U. S. government"s National Institutes of Health said they hope the study, to be conducted at 105 locations throughout the United States, can help identify early-life influences that affect later development, with the goal of learning new ways to treat or prevent illness.

The study will examine hereditary and environmental factors such as exposure to certain chemicals that affect health.

Researchers will collect genetic and biological samples from people in the study as well as samples from the homes of the women and their babies including air, water, dust and materials used to construct their residences, the NIH said.

Officials said more than $200 million has been spent already and the study is projected to cost $3.2 billion.

"We anticipate that in the long term, what we learn from the study will result in a significant savings in the nation"s health care costs," Dr. Duane Alexander, who heads the NIH"s Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, told reporters.

The study will begin in January when the University of North Carolina and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York start signing up pregnant women whose babies will then be followed to age 21.

Some of the early findings will be about factors behind pre-term birth, which has become more common in recent years, according to Dr. Peter Scheidt of the NIH, who heads the study.

The people taking part will be from rural, urban and suburban areas, from all income and educational levels and from all racial groups, the NIH said.

The aim of the study is to find new ways to __________. 查看材料

A.conduct research

B.track public health

C.prevent or treat illness

D.speed up development

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第6题
根据以下材料,回答题Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted EarlyAn increasing number of clinical t

根据以下材料,回答题

Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early

An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated, say Italian researchers, who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.

The researchers looked at 25 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were stopped early because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.

"When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007, we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials——more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years," study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.

Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007, the researchers found that 11(79 percent) of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

"This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely. In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies. On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an "immature" benefit/risk balance of new drugs,"Apolone said.

He and his colleagues "are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing benefit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients. However, findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confmnation."

It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treatment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration (持续时间) of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months, with a range from 12 to 64 months.

They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped, they"d enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.

"Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there"s proof beyond reasonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior. That would be an ethical obligation,"Stuart Pocock, a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom, said at the news conference. "However, too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy (功效) without strong evidence being available."

The number of prematurely stopped clinical trials has increased recently. 查看材料

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

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第7题
根据以下材料,回答题。SmugglingIt is not unusual for a pet to be sent by air cargo from Colu

根据以下材料,回答题。

Smuggling

It is not unusual for a pet to be sent by air cargo from Columbia to New York, but last December"s shipment of a 4-year-old sheep dog caught a New York Kennedy Airport Customs inspector"s eye. The dog looked to be on its last legs, and there was an unusual lump on the side of its body. An X-ray and emergency surgery revealed the presence of 10 condoms tightly packed with five pounds of cocaine that had been surgically implanted in the dog"s abdomen——yet another first for Customs in the war on drugs.

When it comes to transporting drugs, the methods used are only as limited as a smuggler"s imagination. Kilo bricks of cocaine are routinely concealed beneath false bottoms of containers that hold poisonous snakes. "You"ve got snakes that are 12 feet long," says a United States Fish and Wildlife Service agent——and sometimes the drug is in the snake. "Who"s going to pull it out.

In 1994, United States Customs seized 204,391 pounds of cocaine ,559,286 pounds of marijuana and 2,577 pounds of heroin, just how much actually flows into the country is anyone"s guess. Some Customs officials estimate that only 10 percent of the drugs coming into the country are ever seized. In Miami, the District Attorney won"t even prosecute small fry. "It"s got to be over five kilos of cocaine ,above a kilo of heroin and more than 5,000 pounds of marijuana or it"s not something that we"re going to stop the presses on " says Tom Cash, a retired agent.

Given this deluge, one can only wonder if agents are ever confounded by some of the smuggling methods. "There are things we haven"t seen before," says John McGhee, a Miami Customs special agent, "but nothing really surprises us. "

The dog was different from others because 查看材料

A.it was very attractive

B.it could stand only on its hind legs

C.it had only two legs

D.it had a very big abdomen

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第8题
根据以下材料,回答题Studies Show US Spending Doesn"t Get Best HealthThe United States may s

根据以下材料,回答题

Studies Show US Spending Doesn"t Get Best Health

The United States may spend twice as much on health care as other rich countries, but it is not getting results to match according to studies released on Tuesday.

But in the study of five wealthy countries, published in the journal Health Affairs, researchers found no single nation had clearly the worst or best health care system.

Gerard Anderson at Johns Hopkins University"s school of public health and colleagues came up with a list of 21 health fields they could evenly compare across the five countries ——Australia,Canada, Britain, New Zealand and the United States.

"Hone of the five countries is consistently the best or the worst on all 21 indicators." Anderson said during a telephone briefing for reporters.

"If you are looking for the place to get the best care, there isn"t a single place. Every country has at least one indicator where it scores the best of the five countries and each country has at least one indicator where it scores the worst of the five countries. "

But, he said, the United States is not getting value for money. "The United States should be particularly concerned about these results, given that we spend twice as much on health care as any other country. So spending more doesn"t necessarily result in "better outcomes."

Anderson"s group of international health experts sponsored by the Commonwealth Fund spent five years working on the study, getting the latest possible data from the five countries on areas such as breast cancer and leukemia survival, suicide rates, death rates from asthma, vaccination rates and cancer screening.

The US spends twice as much on health care as other rich countries. 查看材料

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

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第9题
根据以下材料,回答题。They Say Ireland"s the BestIreland is the best place in the world to l

根据以下材料,回答题。

They Say Ireland"s the Best

Ireland is the best place in the world to live in for 2005, according to a life quality ranking that appeared in Britain"s Economist magazine last week:

The ambitious attempt to compare happiness levels around the world is based on the principle that wealth is not the only measure of human satisfaction and well-being.

,The index of the countries uses data on incomes, health, unemployment, climate, political stability, job security, gender equality as well as what the magazine calls "freedom, family and community life".

" Despite the bad weather, troubled health service, traffic congestion, gender inequality, and the high cost of living, Ireland scored an impressive 8.33 points out of 10.

That put it well ahead of second-place Switzerland, which managed 8.07. Zimbabwe, troubled by political insecurity and hunger, is rated the gloomiest, picking up only 3.89 points.

"Although rising incomes and increased individual choices are highly valued," the report said, "some of the factors associated with modernization such as the breakdown in traditional institutions and family values in part take away from a positive impact. "

"Ireland wins because it successfully combines the most desirable elements of the new with the preservation of certain warm elements of the old, such as stable family and community life. "

The magazine admitted measuring the quality of life is not a straightforward thing to do, and that its findings Would have their critics.

No. 2 on the list is Switzerland. The other nations in the top 10 are Norway, Luxembourg,Sweden, Australia, Iceland, Italy, Denmark and Spain.

The UK is positioned at No. 29, a much lower position chiefly because of the social and family breakdown recorded in official statistics. The US, which has the second highest per capita GDP after Lux~mbourg, took the 13th place in the survey. China was in the lower half the league at 60th.

For 2,005 years, Ireland has been the best place for humans to live in.. 查看材料

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

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