The air cushion under a hovercraft is produced by a large fan which blows air downwards between the craft and the water or ground, and so lifts up the craft. The air is main-rained at higher than atmospheric pressure by a flexible rubber "skirt" around the bottom edge of the hovercraft, preventing leakage of air from the cushion. Because the hovercraft floats on the air cushion with no contact between the craft and the surface below, it can travel over flat, rough ground or water with ease.
Hovercraft are usually driven by air screws like propellers (螺旋桨), which face back-wards and "push" the craft forwards, and can be turned to direct the hovercraft. Since there is no propeller dipping below the craft, hovercraft can travel up slopes out of the water, or land on beaches.
Cockerell's Air Cushion Vehicles, or ACVs, are now familiar to everyone and like all inventions, they have been improved upon. British Sea speed hovercraft have been carrying passengers and cars across the English Channel since 1968. They now have a "stretched" version of their Mountbatten Class hovercraft which can carry up to 60 cars and 416 passengers between Britain and France in a little over half an hour.
A new, large-sized hovercraft, designed and built in France, called the Sedam N500 of Naviplane, has now goneinto service. The 155 tonne N500 is 50 metres long (162 feet) and 23 metres wide (76 feet) and can carry 65 cars, plus five coaches, together with 400 passengers. When the sea conditions are ideal the N500 can reach 112 kph (70 mph).
A variation of the hovercraft principle is the sidewall ACV, which is more economical than the flexible skirt models, and easier to control, but it cannot be used on land. The United States Navy have been experimenting with warships based on the sidewall principle, and some of these may well reach a speed of 160kph (100mph).
The hovercraft ______.
A.are moved forward by propellers
B.travel on a cushion of air
C.are lifted up by a flexible rubber "skirt"
D.move faster on land than on water
刚性防水屋面施工时,细石混凝土防水层与山墙、女儿墙的交接处应留缝隙,并作好柔性密封处理。( )
柔性防水施工时,涂膜防水屋面的涂膜防水层必须在现浇混凝土结构的表面施工,不可以与卷材同时使用。( )
A.鼓泡是柔性防水层比较普遍发生的问题
B.卷材防水层出现流淌现象比鼓泡少
C.刚性防水层的主要病害是老化
D.涂膜防水层出现渗漏的情况与卷材防水层相似
A.防水层与女儿墙的交接处应作柔性密封处理
B.防水层内应避免埋设过多管线
C.屋面坡度宜为2%~3%,应使用材料作法找坡
D.防水层的厚度不小于40mm
E.钢筋网片保护层的厚度不应小于10mm
A.固体含量
B.干燥时间
C.耐热性
D.低温柔性和粘结强度
A.防水层与女儿墙的交接处应作柔性密封处理
B.细石混凝土防水层与基层间宜设置隔离层
C.屋面坡度宜为2%~3%,应使用材料做法找坡
D.防水层的厚度不小于40mm,钢筋网片保护层的厚度不应小于10mm
E.刚性防水层上有重物覆盖或基层变形较大时,不应采用空铺法和点粘法或条粘法施工
Animals, despite their ability to move about and find shelter, are just as much influenced by climate as plants are. Creatures such as the camel and the penguin are so highly specialized that they have an extremely limited distribution. Others, such as bears, are flexible enough to adapt to a broad range of climates. Ocean-dwelling organisms are just as sensitive to climatic changes-- in this case temperature and salinity—as land animals. Reef corals (珊瑚) can survive only in clear warm seawater. Certain foraminifers are so sensitive to changes in their environment that their presence can be taken as an index of sea temperature. Human beings are among the least specialized of all animals and can bye almost anywhere. Their clothes and their homes act as a sort of "miniature climate" that can be taken with them everywhere.
According to the passage, plants on the tundra grow in the ground______.
A.to avoid being eaten by arctic animals
B.because fertilizer is not readily available
C.to minimize exposure to the cold
D.because unfrozen water supplies are very scarce