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A．in terms of
B．in the form. of
C．in condition of
D．in pursuit of
听力原文： Consumers are being confused and misled by the huge amount of environmental claims made by household products, according to a "green labeling" study published by Consumers International on Friday.
The study was written and researched by Britain's National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumers International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission.
"While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy," said Consumers International director Anna Fielder.
The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the most environmental claims on average.
The report focused on claims made by specific products, such as detergents, insect sprays and some garden products. It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September 1999.
The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as "environmentally friendly" and "non-polluting" cannot be verified.
(3)
A．Consumers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy.
B．Consumers are being confused and misled by the huge amount of environmental claims of household products.
C．Consumers protest that many household products make false environmental claims.
D．Governments should take measures to test the environmental claims made by products.
The Role of Religion in Korean Higher Education
It is widely believed that religious traditions, such as Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Christianity, had great effects on the entirety of Korean culture and society. Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism were amalgamated into Korean culture and became, in the main, axes of Korean traditional religious thought, in addition to Korean folk beliefs and shamanism. From an educational point of view, Buddhism and Confucianism had a significant impact on formal and informal elite education in the early Korean states and still remains important. Taoism, on the other hand, has affected internal and external life as opposed to Korean education. Christianity, a newly grafted religion, has also exerted an important influence upon the development of modern higher education. Therefore, the parameters of the study are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity.
Throughout the history of Korean education, religion and education are inseparable. The examination of the role of religion in Korean higher education gives Western educators historically valuable ideas about religious components in Korean higher education. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the role of religion in Korean elite and higher education during the premodern and modern periods. In this study, "premodern era" is defined as the fourth century to the late nineteenth century, and "modern period" from 1880 to 1910.
Numerous studies have shown that religious thought has affected the spiritual and practical worlds in premodern and contemporary Korea. However, several studies examining the influence of religious and philosophical thought on Korean education indicate that three religious traditions — Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity — had an enormous impact on premodern and modern education in Korea.
In terms of Korean educational history and philosophy, there are few studies that examine the religious and philosophical ideas that historically affect Korean higher education. Kim briefly analyzes the basic philosophy and organization of Korean higher education, and Lee reviews religious and philosophical factors influencing the development of Korean higher education in terms of educational administrative theory and practice. Studies concerning the role of religion in premodern elite and modern higher education have yet to be conducted. For this reason, this study will focus on the contribution of Buddhism and Confucianism to premodern elite education in Korea, particularly the interaction between Confucianism and Christianity with modern higher education in Korea and on the role of religion in current Korean higher education.
______ has been believed NOT to have much influence on the Korean higher education.
A．Buddhism
B．Confucianism
C．Taoism
D．Christianity
Global Cancer Rates to Rise by 50% by 2020
The number of new cancer cases worldwide is expected to increase by 50% by the year 2020. But a new report suggests that as many as a third of new cancers could be avoided by adopting healthier lifestyles and through public health action.
The World Cancer Report, released by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, shows that cancer has now emerged as a major public health threat in developing countries as well as rich ones.
Overall, cancer was responsible for 12% of all deaths in 2000. But in many countries more than a quarter of all deaths are caused by cancer.
The report shows that 10 million new cancers were diagnosed globally in 2000, and that number is expected to rise to 15 million by 2020. Researchers say most of that increase will mainly be due to steadily aging populations in both developed and developing countries and current trends in smoking and other unhealthy habits.
"Cancer has emerged as a major public health problem in developing countries for the first time, matching its effect in industrialized (工业化的) countries," said researcher Paul Kleihues, MD, director of IARC, in a news release. "Once considered a 'Western' disease, the Report highlights that more than 50 percent of the world's cancer burden, in terms of both numbers of cases and deaths, already occurs in developing countries."
The risk of being diagnosed with cancer in developed countries is double that in less-developed ones. However, the risk of dying from cancer is much higher in developing countries, where 80% of cancer patients already have late-stage incurable tumors (肿瘤) at the time of diagnosis.
Researchers say cancer rates have traditionally been higher in developed countries due to greater exposure to tobacco, occupational carcinogens (致瘤物), and an unhealthy Western diet and lifestyle. As less-developed countries become industrialized and more prosperous, they tend to adopt the high-fat diet and low physical activity levels typically seen in the West, which increase cancer rates.
The report says that steps could be taken to reduce about
A．50% of new cancers.
B．33% of new cancers.
C．12%of new cancers.
D．80% of new cancers.
Clobal Cancer Rates to Rise 50% by 2020
The number of new cancer cases worldwide is expected to increase by 50% by the year 2020. But a new report suggests that as many as a third of new cancers could be avoided by adopting healthier lifestyles and through public health action.
The World Cancer Report, released by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, part of the World Health Organization), shows that cancer has now emerged as a major public health threat in developing countries as well as affluent ones.
Overall, cancer was responsible for 12% of all heaths in 2000. But in many countries more than a quarter of all deaths are caused by cancer.
The report shows that 10 million new cancers were diagnosed globally in 2000, and that number is expected to rise to 15 million by 2020. Researchers say most of that increase will mainly be due to steadily aging populations in both developed and developing countries and current trends in smoking and other unhealthy habits.
"Cancer has emerged as a major public health problem in developing countries for the first time, matching its effect in industrialized countries," says researcher Paul Kleihues, MD, director of IARA, in a news release. "Once considered a 'Western' disease, the Report highlights that more than 50 percent of the world's cancer burden, in terms of both numbers of cases and deaths, already occurs in developing countries."
The risk of being diagnosed with cancer in developed countries is double that in less-developed ones. However, the risk of dying from cancer is much higher in developing countries, where 80% of cancer patients already have late-stage incurable tumors at the time of diagnosis.
Researchers say cancer rates have traditionally been higher in developed countries due to greater exposure to tobacco, occupational carcinogens, and an unhealthy Western diet and lifestyle. As less-developed countries become industrialized and more prosperous, they tend to adopt the high-fat diet and low physical activity levels typically seen in the West, which increase cancer rates.
According to a new report, healthier lifestyles and public health action could help reduce about ______.
A．50% of new cancers
B．33% of new cancers
C．12% of new cancers
D．80% of new cancers
However, some cultural-linguistic systems developed in the opposite direction, that is, from an abstract and subjective vocabulary to a more concrete one For example, Whorl tells us that in the Hopi language the word heart, a concrete term, can be shown to be a late formation from the abstract terms think or remember, Similarly, although it seems to Westerners, and especially to Americans, that objective, tangible "reality" must precede any subjective or inner experience, in fact, many Asian and other non-European cultures view inner experience as the basis for one's perceptions of physical reality. Thus although Americans are taught to perceive and react to the arrangement of objects in space and to think of space as being "wasted" unless it is filled with objects, the Japanese are trained to give meaning to space itself and to value "empty" space.
It is not only the East and the West that are different in their patterning of space. We can also see cross-cultural varieties in spatial perception when we look at arrangements of urban space in different Western cultures. For instance, in the United States, cities are usually laid out along a grid, with the axes generally north/south and east/west. Streets and buildings are numbered sequentially. This arrangement, of course, makes perfect sense to Americans. When Americans walk in a city like Paris, which is laid out with the main streets radiating from centers, they often get lost. Furthermore, streets in Paris are named, not numbered, and the names often change after a few blocks. It .is amazing to Americans how anyone gets around, yet Parisians seem to do well. Edward Hall, in The Silent Language, suggests that the layout of space characteristic of French cities is only one aspect of the theme of centralization that characterizes French culture. Thus Paris is the center of France, French government and educational systems are highly centralized, and in French offices the most important person has his or her desk in the middle of the office.
Another aspect of the cultural patterning of space concerns the functions of spaces. In middle class America, specific spaces are designated for specific activities. Any intrusion of one activity into a space that it was not designed for is immediately felt as inappropriate. In contrast, in Japan, this case is not true: Walls are movable, and rooms are used for one purpose during the day and another purpose in the evening and at night. In India there is yet another culturally patterned use of space. The function of space in India, both in public and in private places, is connected with concepts of superiority and inferiority. In Indian cities, villages, and even within the home, certain spaces are designated as polluted, or inferior, becau
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Lifetime Employment in Japanese Companies
In most large Japanese companies, there is a policy of lifetime employment. What this means is that when people leave school or university to join an enterprise, they can expect to remain with that organization until they retire. In effect, the employee gets job security for life, and can only be fired for serious mistakes in work. Even in times of business recession, he or she is free from the fear of being laid off.
One result of this practice is that the Japanese worker identifies closely with his company and feels strong loyalty to it. By working hard for the company, he believes he is safeguarding his own future. It is net surprising that devotion to one's company is considered a great virtue in Japan. A man is often prepared to put his firm's interests before those of his immediate family.
The job security guaranteed by this system influences the way employees approach their work. They tend to think in terms of what they can achieve throughout their career. This is because they are not judged on how they are performing during a short period of time. They can afford to take a longer perspective than their Western counterparts.
This marriage between the employee and the company-the consequence of lifetime employment - may explain why Japanese workers seem positively to love the products their company is producing and why they are willing to stay on after work, for little overtime pay, to participate in earnest discussions about the quality control of their products.
Lifetime employment in the Japanese company means that the employee
A．leaves his company only when business is bad.
B．gets a job soon after he leaves school or university.
C．can work there throughout his career.
D．can have his serious mistakes in work corrected.
Answer ONE of Questions 2, 3 or 4 below.
1. Question 2
&8226;You are the Sales Manager of your company. You have been asked by your Managing Director to write a report about the computer sales situation of the previous quarter.
&8226;Write your report, including the following information:
&8226;the sales in different markets:
&8226;the comparison between the sales of the laptop computer and the desktop computer;
&8226;the conclusions about the sales;
&8226;the suggestions for future sales strategy.
&8226;Write 200--250 words on the separate answer paper provided.
2. Question 3
？ As China further speeds up developing the western part of the country, you are considering establishing a branch in Xi'an The Chairman of the Board has asked you to write a proposal saying why a branch should be opened in Xi'an.
&8226;Write the proposal, explaining the reasons why you think a branch should be opened in Xi'an, and include the following points:
&8226;the size of the branch;
&8226;the reasons for opening the branch;
&8226;the budget for opening the branch;
&8226;how to manage the branch.
&8226;Write 200-250 words on the separate answer paper provided.
3. Question 4
&8226;You have received a letter from Sunny Company concerning the goods your company sells to them.
&8226;Writer a letter to Sunny Company, advising them that the first order for 30 TV sets has been shipped. In order to attract more orders, you should include the following points in your letter:
&8226;you have some new types of the products to supply;
&8226;you can offer more discounts to regular customers;
&8226;ask about the end-users comments on the goods supplied;
&8226;you promise that the terms and conditions will be better on a large order.
&8226;Write 200-250 words on the separate paper provided.
