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[主观题]

Organic agriculture is quite different from the traditional one.A．YB．NC．NG

Organic agriculture is quite different from the traditional one.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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更多“Organic agriculture is quite d…”相关的问题

第1题

Organic agriculture accounts for the biggest proportion of the American agriculture.A．YB．N

Organic agriculture accounts for the biggest proportion of the American agriculture.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第2题

Organic agriculture has become a big industry as more and more farmers are switching to it

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第3题

Organic agriculture helps to minimize the greenhouse effect and global warming through its

ability to ______.

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第4题

The main job of the Soil Association is to ______.A．inspect the food grown on organic farm

The main job of the Soil Association is to ______.

A．inspect the food grown on organic farms

B．decide whether land is suitable for agriculture

C．inspect the land used by all new farmers

D．decide whether produce can be called organic

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第5题

Organic FoodOrganic farming was among the fastest growing segments of U.S. agriculture dur

Organic Food

Organic farming was among the fastest growing segments of U.S. agriculture during the 1990s. The value of retail sales of organic food was estimated to be $16 billion in 2004. According to the Food Marketing Institute, more than half of Americans now buy organic food at least once a month. Why is organic food becoming so popular？

What is Organic Food？

In December 2000, the National Organic Standards Board of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) established a national standard for the term "organic". Organic food, defined by how it cannot be made rather than how it can be made, must be produced without the use of sewer-sludge fertilizers, most synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, genetic engineering (biotechnology), growth hormones, irradiation and antibiotics. A variety of agricultural products can be produced organically, including produce, grains, meat, dairy, eggs, and processed food products.

"Organic" does not mean "natural". There is no legal definition as to what constitutes a "natural" food. However, the food industry uses the term "natural" to indicate that a food has been minimally processed and is preservative-free. Natural foods can include organic foods, but not all natural foods are organic. Only foods labeled "organic" have been certified as meeting USDA organic standards.

Organic Farming

The phrase "organic farming" first appeared in Lord Northbourne's book Look to the Land, published in 1940.

But the truth is, organic farming is the oldest form. of agriculture. Be- fore the end of World War Ⅱ, farming without the use of petroleum-based chemicals (synthetic fertilizers and pesticides) was the only option for farmers, Technologies developed during the war were found to be useful for agricultural production. For example, the chemical ammonium nitrate(硝酸铵), which was used as munitions(军需品), became useful as fertilizer, and organophosphates(有机磷酸盐) used for nerve gas were later used as insecticide.

These days, farmers are switching to organic agriculture once again, but now 'with an eco- logically based, systematic approach that includes long-term planning, detailed record keeping and major investment in equipment and supplies. Although it is still only a small industry, the number of organic farmers is growing by about 12 percent per year and now stands at more than 12,000 nationwide.

Organic Farming in the U.S. Today

The USDA's Economic Research Service reports that in 1997, the latest year for which data are available, farmers in 49 states used organic production methods and third-party organic certification services on 1.35 million acres out of a total of 828 million acres of farmland. Approximately two-thirds of the certified U.S. organic farmland was used for crops, and one-third was used as pasture.

Large farms, mostly located in the Midwest and West, produced processed tomatoes, organic wine grapes and other high-value crops on a commercial scale, whereas numerous small farms, concentrated in the Northeast, specialized in mixed vegetable production for direct marketing to consumers and restaurants.

While organic food can be found throughout the country, California was the leader in production of organic fruits and vegetables in 1997, followed closely by Arizona, Florida, Texas, and Washington in decreasing order of total yield. Farmers and ranchers in 23 states raised a small number of certified organic cows, hogs and sheep. New York, Wisconsin and Minnesota were the top producers of organic dairy cows.

Production: Organic vs. Conventional

As you can imagine, organic agricultural practices are quite distinct from those of “conventional” farming.

Conventional farmers:

apply chemical, fertilizers to the soil to grow their crops

spray with insecticides to protect crops from pests and disease

use sy

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第6题

听力原文：Experts say some fanning activities are seriously damaging Earth's environment. B

听力原文： Experts say some fanning activities are seriously damaging Earth's environment. Bad farming methods can damage soil, forests and water supplies. They also have caused some plants and animals to disappear.

Two groups now say that bad farming methods are threatening the ability of farmers to produce enough food to feed the world population in the future.

The groups used satellite images, maps and modern equipment to study the effect of agriculture on the environment.

The study found that the destruction of soil is widespread, Important organic nutrients are being removed from farmland.

Agriculture uses 70 percent of the freshwater in the world each year. The study found that many farmers are wasting water supplies. In addition, chemicals designed to protect crops may pollute waterways.

The report also says as much as 30 percent of the world's forests have been cut down so the land could be used for agriculture. This has led to a severe loss of wildlife and their environments.

(30)

A．Soil.

B．Human population.

C．Forest.

D．Water.

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第7题

Organic farmers had fought to prevent genetically-engineered crops from being【C1】______org

anic, and it could【C2】______for them. Plants genetically【C3】______to resist insects and other pests【C4】______about 15-percent of United States crop production, but it has become a【C5】______15-percent. Several European countries are refusing to【C6】______genetically-engineered crops from the United States. Jim Skiff, president of the Illinois-based company U-S Soy, says his company will not grow crops with genetically modified organisms, known as G-M-O for short.

But the biotechnology industry is fighting back. Here's an advertisement produced by the Washington-based Council for Biotechnology Information. The biotech industry received a(n)

【C7】______in April,【C8】______a National Academy of Sciences report【C9】______that C-M-O crops appear to be safe. G-M-O supporters called the report proof【C10】______fears of these crops are【C11】______, while critics called the report proof that the【C12】______of G-M-O crops are not【C13】______known.

Some companies are avoiding G-M-O crops in their products just to【C14】______the genetic-food fight【C15】______. Jim Schlesinger of Iowa-based Whole Soy says his【C16】______of soy-based foods will not include genetically-engineered beans. Agriculture officials in the Midwest United States say it appears famers are planting fewer【C17】______of G-M-O soybeans and corn this year, though they say this is probably a【C18】______situation until the controversy【C19】______. A survey conducted by the Food Marketing Institute suggests 63-percent of American【C20】______are likely to buy genetically-engineered foods. That is down from 77-percent four years ago.

【C1】

A．credited

B．certified

C．specified

D．illustrated

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第8题

Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing pop

ulation will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid .wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.

There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes "prior to" disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, tn permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.

A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable by products. Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products.

The purpose of this passage is ______.

A．to acquaint the reader with water pollution problems

B．to alert the reader to the dwindling water supply

C．to explain industrial uses of water

D．to demonstrate various measures to solve the pollution problem

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第9题

Passage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage. Bananas, always the fash

Passage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.

Bananas, always the fashion victims of the produce section, are wearing another new label this spring. Bananas with “Fair Trade Certified” stickers have been available in the United States since October. They represent the new front of an international effort to help first-world consumers improve the living standards of the third-world farmers who grow much of their food.

By expanding its reach to the produce section, Fair Trade is now trying to reach the American supermarket shopper. Fair Trade deals directly with farmer cooperatives. It helps organize, avoiding brokers (代理人) and middlemen. It guarantees higher prices for the farmers’ goods and helps them set up schools and health clinics.

The Fair Trade movement took root in Europe in the 1990’s as a way of bolstering coffee farmers as prices were collapsing. Since Fair Trade began, more than a million coffee growers and other farmers have joined cooperatives that sell their products through Fair Trade channels instead of directly to a commercial producer.

Not everyone is greeting the Fair Trade label with open arms. Several American coffee importers recently pulled out of Fair Trade, citing TransFair’s “corporate friendly” policies that allow large companies to use the Fair Trade logo in their marketing even if only a small amount of the company’s overall purchases are Fair Trade certified.

Edmund LaMacchia, the national produce coordinator for Whole Foods, said Fair Trade is only one of many consumer choices. “Whole Foods has its own team of inspectors and has no plans to carry Fair Trade products”, Mr. LaMacchia said. “Our standards are higher than Fair Trade’s, actually.” Fair Trade is only one of several labels your bananas might be wearing this year. Another is that of the Rainforest Alliance, which certifies the use of sustainable agriculture methods.

So far, though, Fair Trade is the biggest. A Fair Trade label by itself does not guarantee an organic product, but most Fair Trade bananas are also organic, Ms. Bourque said, because pesticides are usually too costly for the small farmers who grow them. If the bananas are organic, they will be labeled as such, and will probably be wearing a sticker to prove it.

第63题：Why are bananas wearing “Fair Trade Certified” stickers？

A) It means bananas are the fashion victims of the produce section.

B) It means bananas have got a new label.

C) It means bananas with these stickers are available in the United States.

D) It represents an international effort to help the third-world farmers.

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第10题

Passage Two Modern humans emerged some 250,000 years ago, yet agriculture is a fairly

recent invention, only about 10,000 years old. Many crop plants are rather new additions to our diet: broccoli (a flowering mutant of kale) is thought to be only 500 years old. Most innovation is far more recent still. Although Austrian monk Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments quietly laid the basic foundations of genetics in the mid-19th century, his work was rediscovered and applied to crop breeding only at the beginning of the 20th century. Further advances have steadily accumulated. The 1940s saw the identification of DNA as genetic material and the adoption, by commercial breeders, of genetic modification - typically by applying chemicals or radiation to DNA to try to make plants with advantageous characteristics. The modifications ultimately led to the green revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, during which time global wheat yields tripled. The 1980s and 1990s saw the commercial adoption of agricultural biotechnology, which has allowed breeders to introduce specific genes into crops from the same or different species. In 2004 the first plant genome was fully sequenced, and since then the number of plant gene sequences in GenBank, the public repository for gene sequence information, has been doubling every two years. Our knowledge is increasing exponentially, as it has been in other fields such as semiconductors and cellular telephony. Our challenge is to increase agricultural yields while decreasing the use of fertilizer, water, fossil fuels and other negative environmental inputs. Embracing human ingenuity and innovation seems the most likely path. Plants did not evolve to serve humans, and their sets of genes are incomplete for our purposes. The integral role of modifying genes is obvious to all breeders, though sometimes painfully absent from the public's understanding of how modern agriculture succeeds. All breeding techniques, from before Mendel's time until today, exploit modifications to plant DNA. These modifications can take the form. of mistakes or mutations that occur during natural cell division in the wild; the natural but random movement of DNA sequences from one part of a plant's genome to another; or the more precise insertion of known gene sequences using biotechnology. In all these cases, plant genes are moved within or across species, creating novel combinations. Hybrid genetics - the combination of different versions of the same gene – has resulted in spectacular yield increases. Largely as the consequence of using hybrid seed varieties, corn yields in the U.S. have increased more than 500 percent in the past 70 years. Questions 6-10 are based on Passage Two.

(1)Which statement is correct according to paragraph one？

A、Broccoli was first bred by Mendel

B、Broccoli wasn’t considered edible until 500 years ago

C、Mendel's work was considered most important in the history of genetics

D、Mendel’s study found its major application some 100 years ago

(2)What was cited as a result of the green revolution？

A、Sharp rise in worldwide wheat production

B、Extensive use of organic fertilizer

C、Large-scale adoption of genetic modification

D、Commercial success of genetically modified seeds.

(3)Which statement is true of GenBank according to the passage？

A、The number of gene sequences has doubled since its foundation