Material culture refers to what can be seen, held, felt, used--what a culture produces. Ex - 试题答案网问答

第1题

器物文化（material culture)

器物文化(material culture)

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第2题

Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because ______ .A．it

Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because ______ .

A．it helps produce new cultural tools and technology

B．it can reflect the development of the nation

C．it helps understand the nation's past and present

D．it can demonstrate the nation's civilization

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第3题

Material culture refers to what can be seen, held, felt, used-what a culture produces. Exa

mining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of material culture in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph(留声机) was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra(交响乐).

Sheet music(乐谱) or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and writ ten sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation(乐谱) has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.

One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media-radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future-promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.

Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because ______.

A．it helps produce new cultural tools and technology

B．it can reflect the development of the nation

C．it helps understand the nation's past and present

D．it can demonstrate the nation's civilization

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第4题

听力原文：Culture means the general way of life of a people. This simple definition implies

听力原文： Culture means the general way of life of a people. This simple definition implies that culture refers to the customs, traditions, social habits, values, beliefs, language, ways of thinking and daily activities of a people. It also includes the history of civilization. In tile broad sense, there are two types of culture, that is, material culture and spiritual culture. Material culture is concrete and observable, while spiritual culture is implicit and abstract.

Because human language is a direct manifestation of culture, learning a second language involves learning a second culture. For the teacher of a second language, he or she should make sure to develop the students' awareness and knowledge of the culture of the target language they are learning. This includes understanding the values of the target culture, acquiring a command of the etiquette of the target culture and understanding the differences between the target culture and the students' own culture. As students progress through a foreign language program, it is expected that they will increase their awareness of the cultural characteristics of the speakers of the language under study. This broadened cultural knowledge may touch on all aspects of culture: the people's way of life as well as the geographic, historical, economic, artistic, and scientific aspects of the target society. We know that each culture has different etiquette patterns. And therefore, in a foreign language course, students should learn the appropriate etiquette patterns expected of the people living in the country where the target language is spoken. Students should also learn how to interpret unfamiliar cultural conventions and how to act appropriately when communicating with the persons of the foreign culture.

(26)

A．Artistic and economic.

B．Concrete and observable.

C．Scientific and historical.

D．Implicit and abstract.

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第5题

Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage？A．Musical instruments

Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage？

A．Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later be replaced by computers.

B．Music cannot be passed on to future generations unless it is recorded.

C．Folk songs cannot be spread far unless they are printed on music sheets.

D．The development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect.

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第6题

"Culture consists of all shared products of human society" （Robertson, 1981 ). This means

"Culture consists of all shared products of human society" (Robertson, 1981 ). This means not only such material things as cities, organizations and schools, but also non-material things such as ideas, customs, family patterns, languages. Putting it simply, culture refers to the entire way of life of a society, "the ways of a people".

Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. Some social scientists consider it the keystone of culture. Without language, the maintaining of culture would not be possible. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture, it reflects culture. In the broadest sense, language is the symbolic representation of a people, and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds, as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking.

We should not go further into the relationship between language and culture. What needs to be stressed here is that the two interact, and that understanding of one requires understanding of the other.

Social scientists tell us that cultures differ from one another, that each culture is unique. As cultures are diverse, so languages are diverse. It is only natural then that with differences in cultures and differences in languages, difficulties often arise in communicating between cultures and across cultures. Understanding is not always easy.

Learning a foreign language well means more than merely mastering the pronunciation, gram mar, words and idioms. It means learning also to see the world . as native speakers of that language see it, learning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas, customs, and behaviors of their society, learning to understand their "language of the mind". Learning a language, in fact, is inseparable from learning its culture.

According to the first paragraph, the term "culture" refers to ______.

A．things like cities, organizations and schools

B．ideas, customs, family patterns, and languages

C．all things produced by human race

D．the total that constitute a society

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第7题

Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost cert

ainly mention

recycling. Recycling in the home is very important, of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.

The total amount of packaging has increased by 12% between 1999 and 2005. It now makes up a third of a

typical household&39;s waste in the UK. In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard.

Too much packaging is doing serious damage to the environment. The UK, for example, is running out of it

for burying this unnecessary waste. If such packaging is burnt, it gives off greenhouse gases which go on to cause the greenhouse effect. Recycling helps, but the process itself uses energy. The solution is not to produce such items in the first place. Food waste is a serious problem, too. Too many supermarkets encourage customers to buy more

than they need. However, few of them are coming round to the idea that this cannot continue, encouraging

customers to reuse their plastic bags, for example.

But this is not just about supermarkets. It is about all of us. We have learned to associate packaging with quality. We have learned to think that something unpackaged is of poor quality. This is especially true of food. But it is also applied to a wide range of consumer products, which often have far more packaging than necessary.

There are signs of hope. As more of us recycle, we are beginning to realize just how much unnecessary

materials are collected. We need to face the wastefulness of our consumer culture, but we have a mountain to climb.

What does the underlined phrase "over-consumption" refer to？

A.Using too much packaging

B.Recycling too many wastes

C.Having more material than is needed

D.Making more products than necessary

The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to show（）.A.the tendency of cutting household waste

B.the increase of packaging recycling

C.the fact of packaging overuse

D.the rapid growth of supermarkets

According to the text, recycling（）.A.means burning packaging for energy

B.helps control the greenhouse effect

C.is the solution to gas shortage

D.leads to a waste of land

What can we learn from the last paragraph？A.Needless material is mostly recycled

B.Fighting wastefulness is difficult.

C.People like collecting recyclable wastes.

D.The author is proud of their consumer culture

What can be inferred from Paragraph 4？A.Unpackaged products are of bad quality

B.Supermarkets care more about packaging

C.Other products are better packaged than food

D.It is improper to judge quality by packaging

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

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第8题

Definitions of Censorship The term "censorship" comes from the Latin, censere "to give as

Definitions of Censorship

The term "censorship" comes from the Latin, censere "to give as one's opinion, to assess." Here are excerpts of definitions of "censorship" from U.S. organizations and publications with varying views:

Censor: One who supervises conduct and morals: as a) an official who examines materials (as publications or films) for objectionable matter; b) an official (as in time of war) who reads communications (as letters) and deletes material considered harmful to the interests of his organization.

—Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary

Censorship: The use of the state and other legal or official means to restrict speech.

—Culture Wars, Documents from the Recent Controversies in the Arts

In general, censorship of books is a supervision of the press in order to prevent any abuse of it. In this sense, every lawful authority, whose duty it is to protect its subjects from the ravages of a pernicious press, has the right of exercising censorship of books.

—The Catholic Encyclopedia

Censorship

1. The denial of freedom of speech or freedom of the press.

2. The review of books, movies, etc. , to prohibit publication and distribution, usually for reasons of morality or state security.

—Oran's Dictionary of Law

Censorship: official restriction of ally expression believed to threaten the political, social, or moral order.

—Encyclopedia. com

Censorship — the prevention of publication, transmission, or exhibition of material considered undesirable for the general public to possess or be exposed to.

—Fast Times' Political Dictionary

How many dictionaries have been quoted which give the definition of Censorship only in this article？

A．6.

B．5.

C．4.

D．3.

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第9题

阅读：Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people aresimilar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision. In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are atleast customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently　and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements　rather than in the complex ones; in form. rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.

Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it　comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies (一分为二). This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,　because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.

36.What kind of society tends to promote social changes？

A) A society where people are similar in many ways.

B) A society where there are only white people.

C) A society where there are only black people.

D) A society where there is a mixture of different kinds of people.

37.In a mixed society, there may be disagreement in ____.

A) ideas C) beliefs

B) interests D) all of the above

38.Which of the following is not true, according to the passage？

A) Social change is more likely to occur in the material aspect of society.

B) Social change is less likely to occur in what people learned when they were old.

C) Disagreement with and argument about conditions tend to promote social change.

D) Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society.

39.Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because ____.

A) people there are easy to please

B) people there are less argumentary

C) people there have got so accustomed to their conditions that they seldom think it necessary to change

D) people there have same needs that can be satisfied without much difficulty

40.The passage is mainly discussing ____.

A) two different societies

B) certain factors that determine the case with which social change oc curs

C) the necessity of social change

D) the significance of social change

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第10题

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different k

inds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies.

All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision. In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form. rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.

Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.

The passage mainly discusses ______.

A．two different societies

B．the necessity of social change

C．certain factors that determine the ease with which social changes occur

D．certain factors that promote social change

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