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Journalists who write about families as well as social and cultural issues can count on re

ceiving an annual barrage of public relations pitches for Valentine's Day. The PR blitz begins right after Christmas and continues almost until the big day itself. Daily, sometimes hourly, e-mails pop up on my computer screen, as publicity agents propose stories on a variety of love-rated subjects.

Some suggest traditional topics. How about interviewing the author of a new book on how to find the perfect mate？ Or what about a story offering ideas on the best gifts to give to your heartthrob？ Other suggestions take a thoroughly modern approach to romance. Publicists would be happy to provide information about the newest matchmaking website or the hottest dating coach. There's even a "psychic medium" who promises to tell radio and television audiences about their "current and future relationships".

Individually, these story promotions could be taken for what they are. just another day, another client, another dollar in the life of publicity agents. But collectively, they signal more than simply a desire to capitalize on a holiday that has mushroomed into a $17 billion industry. In their varied forms, these promotions reflect the urgency of the quest for love and companionship in a society where one-quarter of all households now consist of single people.

These pitches also serve as a measure of how much Valentine's Day itself has changed. They can impel long-married observers to look back with a certain nostalgia to a time several decades ago when Feb. 14 didn't carry such intensity—and when courtship didn't cost quite so much. That was a time before men were expected to spend two months' worth of their salary for an engagement ring, before men and women decided they would settle for nothing less than a "soul mate", and before it was necessary to seek advice from an army of self-help gurus bearing titles such as "relationship and interpersonal communication expert". That was also an era when many hopeful Prince Charmings could show their love with a card or a heart-shaped box of drugstore chocolates, and when even a single rose could melt a young woman's heart.

What a contrast to today, when anything less than a dozen long-stemmed roses can risk making a sender appear frugal, and when an ardent suitor who wants to make an impression will buy chocolates from Belgium, whatever the cost. This year the average man will spend $120 and the average woman $ 85, according to the National Retail Federation (NRF).

Is this love, or obligation？ For some men, it might even include a bit of guilt. As Tracy Mullin, CEO of the NRF, notes, presumably with tongue planted firmly in cheek, some men "may be looking at Valentine's Day as a way to make up for that HDTV they splurged on for the Super Bowl". As one public radio station announcer put it during a Valentine's Day fundraiser offering long-stemmed roses. "This is a perfect way to fulfill your Valentine's obligations." Another host making a similar appeal urged listeners to "take care of your Valentine's Day duties".

And if you don't？ One relationship expert quoted in a Valentine's Day press release offers the stern warning that "if a guy doesn't come through on Valentine's Day, it means he doesn't care about you," so just say goodbye and move on. But assuming he does care, another PR firm suggests a high-tech approach to the day. "This year, think outside the box and send a Video Valentine!" the e-mail pitch begins. "Too shy to say those three little words in person？ Profess your love on video! Or use your cellphone to record yourself shopping for the perfect gift." Diamonds, anyone？

Whatever the approach, couples might do well to follow the advice of a group of husbands in Japan who say they know the answer to wedded bliss. In an effort to communicate better with their wives, they offer Three Principles of Love: Say "sorry" without fea

A．to show the continuation of this long tradition

B．to display the busy life of journalists in the western world

C．to highlight the commercialization of a traditional holiday

D．to reveal the rapidly changing patterns of holiday celebrations

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第1题
"The follows of the inkpots" refers to ______.A．people who follow DreiserB．people who writ

"The follows of the inkpots" refers to ______.

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第2题
A public "scribe" （Para. 2) is ______.A．a secretary who does your business or social writ

A public "scribe" (Para. 2) is ______.

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B．a machine that does writing for you

C．a public school where writing is taught

D．a person who earns a living by writing for others

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第3题
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A. without dependence on written music

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第4题
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第5题
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第6题
In order to work here the foreigner needs a work permit, which must be applied for by his
prospective employer.The problem here is that the Department of Employment has the right to【C1】______or refuse these permits, and there is little that can be【C2】______about it, it would be extremely unwise for a foreign visitor to work without a permit, since anyone doing so is【C3】______to immediate deportation.There are some exceptions to this rule, most notably people from the Common Market countries, who are【C4】______to work without permits and who are often given temporary residence permits of up to five years.Some【C5】______people, such as doctors, foreign journalists, authors and others, can work without permits. The problem with the Act is not just that some of its rules are【C6】______but【C7】______it is administered,and the people who administer it. An immigration official has the power to stop a visitor【C8】______these shores coming into the country.If this happens the visitor has the【C9】______to appeal to the Immigration Appeal Tribunal.【C10】______the appeals are being considered, the visitor has no choice but to wait sometimes for quite a long time.

【C1】

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第7题
【T10】A.WHOLE B.GET C.FROM A.INDIA AS A【T7】______ADDS ALMOST 20 MILLION PEOPLE A YEA

【T10】

A.WHOLE

B.GET

C.FROM A.INDIA AS A【T7】______ADDS ALMOST 20 MILLION PEOPLE A YEAR

B.KEEP KERALA【T8】______PUTTING ADDED PRESSURE

C.KERALA HELP GIRLS AND BOYS【T9】______EQUALLY GOOD SCHOOLING SHOULD THAT HAPPEN, IT WON"T BE THE FAULT OF THE ENLIGHTENED WOMEN OF KERALA, A STATE IN SOUTHERN INDIA.WHILE【T10】______, KERALA"S POPULATION IS VIRTUALLY STABLE . THE REASON IS NO MYSTERY:NEARLY TWO-THIRDS OF KERALA WOMEN PRACTICE BIRTH CONTROL, COMPARED WITH ABOUT 40% IN THE ENTIRE NATIO

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E. HIGHER LITERACY RATES FOSTER FAMILY PLANNIN

G."UNLIKE OUR PARENTS, WE KNOW THAT WE CAN DO MORE FOR OUR CHILDREN IF WE HAVE FEWER OF THEM," SAYS LAIAL CHERIAN, 33, WHO LIVES IN THE VILLAGE OF KUDAMALOOR.SHE HAS LIMITED HERSELF TO THREE CHILDREN—ONE BELOW THE NATIONAL AVERAGE OF FOUR.THAT KIND OF RESTRAINT (抑制，克制) WILL【T12】_______ON WORLDFOOD SUPPLIES.

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第8题
？Read the article below about relationship and productivity.？For each question 31-40, writ

？Read the article below about relationship and productivity.

？For each question 31-40, write one word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet.

Doing Favours at Work

Productivity rises when workers help each other more. Francis Flynn, of Columbia University's business school, studied 161 engineers working for a telecoms firm near San Francisco. They work in eight teams, but each individually sorts (31) detailed engineering problems sent in from around the country. Mr. Flynn asked each employee to report how (32) he swapped help with each member of the team and who had given relatively more in their exchanges. Thus, he looked separately at the frequency with (33) individual workers made such swaps and at how one-sidedly generous they were. He also asked employees to rate how highly they regarded one (34)

Mr. Flynn correlated the answers he got with information from the firm on employees' productivity. He found that generous employees who got little (35) exchange were well-regarded by colleagues. Employees who helped colleagues generously but did not receive help in return were less productive. Those who received as well as gave (36) relatively more productive, particularly those who helped each other most often. A pattern of frequent giving and receiving boosted (37) productivity and social standing.

Why (38) productivity rise when employees frequently swap help？ Mr. Flynn has two explanations. First, as employees learn more about the resources they can offer each other, they develop a more-efficient pattern of requesting and giving help. Second, helpful employees learn to trust each other more, and become willing to do bigger favours because they feel more sure (39) the likelihood of reciprocation. And, of course, it is nicer to work with helpful people (40) with the other sort.

(31)

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第9题
【T12】A.WHOLE B.GET C.FROM A.INDIA AS A【T7】______ADDS ALMOST 20 MILLION PEOPLE A YEA

【T12】

A.WHOLE

B.GET

C.FROM A.INDIA AS A【T7】______ADDS ALMOST 20 MILLION PEOPLE A YEAR

B.KEEP KERALA【T8】______PUTTING ADDED PRESSURE

C.KERALA HELP GIRLS AND BOYS【T9】______EQUALLY GOOD SCHOOLING SHOULD THAT HAPPEN, IT WON"T BE THE FAULT OF THE ENLIGHTENED WOMEN OF KERALA, A STATE IN SOUTHERN INDIA.WHILE【T10】______, KERALA"S POPULATION IS VIRTUALLY STABLE . THE REASON IS NO MYSTERY:NEARLY TWO-THIRDS OF KERALA WOMEN PRACTICE BIRTH CONTROL, COMPARED WITH ABOUT 40% IN THE ENTIRE NATIO

N. THE DIFFERENCE LIES IN THE EMPHASIS PUT ON HEALTH PROGRAMS, INCLUDING BIRTH CONTROL, BY THE STATE AUTHORITIES, WHICH IN 1957 BECAME INDIA"S FIRST ELECTED COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT .AND AN EDUCATIONAL TRADITION AND MATRILINEAL (母系的) CUSTOMS IN PARTS OF【T11】______. WHILE ONE IN THREE INDIAN WOMEN IS LITERATE , 90% OF THOSE IN KERALA CAN READ AND WRIT

E. HIGHER LITERACY RATES FOSTER FAMILY PLANNIN

G."UNLIKE OUR PARENTS, WE KNOW THAT WE CAN DO MORE FOR OUR CHILDREN IF WE HAVE FEWER OF THEM," SAYS LAIAL CHERIAN, 33, WHO LIVES IN THE VILLAGE OF KUDAMALOOR.SHE HAS LIMITED HERSELF TO THREE CHILDREN—ONE BELOW THE NATIONAL AVERAGE OF FOUR.THAT KIND OF RESTRAINT (抑制，克制) WILL【T12】_______ON WORLDFOOD SUPPLIES.

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第10题
【T8】A.WHOLE B.GET C.FROM A.INDIA AS A【T7】______ADDS ALMOST 20 MILLION PEOPLE A YEAR

【T8】

A.WHOLE

B.GET

C.FROM A.INDIA AS A【T7】______ADDS ALMOST 20 MILLION PEOPLE A YEAR

B.KEEP KERALA【T8】______PUTTING ADDED PRESSURE

C.KERALA HELP GIRLS AND BOYS【T9】______EQUALLY GOOD SCHOOLING SHOULD THAT HAPPEN, IT WON"T BE THE FAULT OF THE ENLIGHTENED WOMEN OF KERALA, A STATE IN SOUTHERN INDIA.WHILE【T10】______, KERALA"S POPULATION IS VIRTUALLY STABLE . THE REASON IS NO MYSTERY:NEARLY TWO-THIRDS OF KERALA WOMEN PRACTICE BIRTH CONTROL, COMPARED WITH ABOUT 40% IN THE ENTIRE NATIO

N. THE DIFFERENCE LIES IN THE EMPHASIS PUT ON HEALTH PROGRAMS, INCLUDING BIRTH CONTROL, BY THE STATE AUTHORITIES, WHICH IN 1957 BECAME INDIA"S FIRST ELECTED COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT .AND AN EDUCATIONAL TRADITION AND MATRILINEAL (母系的) CUSTOMS IN PARTS OF【T11】______. WHILE ONE IN THREE INDIAN WOMEN IS LITERATE , 90% OF THOSE IN KERALA CAN READ AND WRIT

E. HIGHER LITERACY RATES FOSTER FAMILY PLANNIN

G."UNLIKE OUR PARENTS, WE KNOW THAT WE CAN DO MORE FOR OUR CHILDREN IF WE HAVE FEWER OF THEM," SAYS LAIAL CHERIAN, 33, WHO LIVES IN THE VILLAGE OF KUDAMALOOR.SHE HAS LIMITED HERSELF TO THREE CHILDREN—ONE BELOW THE NATIONAL AVERAGE OF FOUR.THAT KIND OF RESTRAINT (抑制，克制) WILL【T12】_______ON WORLDFOOD SUPPLIES.

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第11题
The Biggest Threat to the Role of Police Officers Every summer about a dozen journalists gather at

The Biggest Threat to the Role of Police Officers

Every summer about a dozen journalists gather at a former army training camp north of London to spend the day watching the training of London's special armed police unit. These are the people who regularly have to tackle the increasing number of criminals who are prepared to carry guns.

The journalists also get a chance to shoot a gun on the practice range—none of it seems that difficult, and we put most of the bullets somewhere on the target. But then we move on to the next stage of the training, where some of the problems, which actually crop up on the street are imitated. The lights on the range are dimmed and we are stood in front of a large screen. We still have guns, but the bullets are fake, and videos are played where actors act out various types of situations.

Does the man holding a woman in front of him really have a gun or not？ Is the man apparently preparing to surrender really going to, or is he going to raise the gun in front of him and shoot？ We have to decide whether to shoot and when, just like the police officer has to when faced with this situation for real. The journalists' results here were not so impressive. I am afraid we killed many an innocent person carrying nothing more lethal than a stick.

The debate over whether more police in Britain should be armed with guns has been going on for years. The current policy is to have a small number of specialists available in each of the 43 police departments in Britain. They are kept up to scratch with intensive and regular training.

But the wisdom of that policy has been questioned as the amount of violence encountered by the police has grown. It is usually the ordinary street officer who is on the wrong end of this, rather than the armed experts who arrive rather later.

To see the direction in which the British police are heading, consider the experience of the Northumbria police who have responsibility for law and order in 5,000 square kilometers of Northeast England. The population is 1.5 million, living in rural areas and a few urban centers. The 3,600 police officers in the force deal with all the typical problems thrown up by the Britain of the 1990s.

John Stevens, head of the Northumbria Police Department, has just published his review of the past years. During 1994, for example, 61 officers (54 men and 7 women) were forced into early retirement after being attacked on duty. Before being allowed to leave the police for medical reasons, they lost between them 12,000 days on sick leave: the equivalent of 50 police officers off the street for a full year.

Stevens makes this observation: "The personal cost of policing has never been so high. One-third of the officers leaving were disabled in the very worst degree and will suffer for the rest of their lives for their efforts in the fight against crime."

This picture of a policeman's lot could be repeated in many other parts of Britain, yet the police themselves still oppose more widespread arming of their officers. The most recent survey, conducted last year, showed that only 46% were in favor.

The general public, however, likes the idea: 67% favored wider issuing of guns. But they, of course, would not have to carry them and maybe even use them. Recalling my own experience shooting a gun on the practice range, I certainly would not want the responsibility.

It is clear to everyone that the police need more protection against the gun and the knife. They already carry longer clubs to replace the old ones. They have access to knife-resistant coats and gloves.

The likely next step is agreement from the government to test pepper spray, an organic substance derived from peppers that disables an attacker if sprayed in his face. If used properly, the discomfort, although extreme, is only temporary. Provided the spray is washed away with water, recovery should be complete within a couple of hours. Unpleasant, certainly, but better than being shot.

Many people in Britain would not mind seeing their police with longer clubs or even pepper spray. They would just like to see them. I have lost count of the times we have been filming police officers on the street when local residents have come up to us and told us it is the first time in weeks they have seen police in the area.

Actually the biggest threat to the traditional image and role of police officers does not come from guns and armed crime but the increase in the tasks we expect the police to carry out. New laws and police priorities are taking up so much time that many forces simply cannot afford to let their officers walk up and down the streets. Politicians are now asking members of the public to watch the streets. In some prosperous areas, local people pay private security firms.

Many officers believe it is all these extra duties, rather than the fear of being shot, that have really changed their role. In future, if you want to know what time it is there might not be much point asking a policeman. He either will not be there to ask or will not have the time to answer. 1． Why do actors act out various types of conditions？ 2． Why did journalists "kill" many innocent persons ？ 3． Why do the police oppose more widespread arming of the officers？ 4． What do people in Britain want about the police officers？ 5． What can you infer from the last sentence？

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