题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A.sounds and meaning
B.vocabulary and grammar
C.syntax and meaning
D.phonetics and semantics
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更多“Each human language is organiz…”相关的问题
【M1】
【M1】
听力原文： Voice One: A bottlenose dolphin named Maui plays a computer game, helping scientists create a unique language [that] they hope humans and dolphins will understand.
It's not based on human words, but on a specific dolphin sound. Guess which one. Not its bark, or its clicks, made famous by Flipper. Words in this new language are whistled.
Dolphins typically whistle to each other under water, through a special structure just beneath their blowhole. Researchers say their whistles have meaning. For example, each dolphin learns from its mom its own signature whistle. So in human terms when they greet each other, it's not just, "Hi" It's, "Hi, my name is ..."--in this case, Maui.
Ken Marten and his team at Earthtrust in Sea Life Park Research Lab in Hawaii want to better understand how dolphins communicate. So for the next ten years, they will literally whistle while they work, creating this special language.
Voice Two: The rest of my career is dedicated to talking to these guys, so I guess you could call me Doctor Dolittle now.
Voice One: After studying dolphin whistles, Marten invented distinct whistles for various objects with which dolphins are familiar.
Which sound can be thought as dolphin's words？
A．Its bark.
B．Its clicks.
C．Its whistle.
D．Its crying.
"Culture consists of all shared products of human society" (Robertson, 1981 ). This means not only such material things as cities, organizations and schools, but also non-material things such as ideas, customs, family patterns, languages. Putting it simply, culture refers to the entire way of life of a society, "the ways of a people".
Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. Some social scientists consider it the keystone of culture. Without language, the maintaining of culture would not be possible. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture, it reflects culture. In the broadest sense, language is the symbolic representation of a people, and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds, as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking.
We should not go further into the relationship between language and culture. What needs to be stressed here is that the two interact, and that understanding of one requires understanding of the other.
Social scientists tell us that cultures differ from one another, that each culture is unique. As cultures are diverse, so languages are diverse. It is only natural then that with differences in cultures and differences in languages, difficulties often arise in communicating between cultures and across cultures. Understanding is not always easy.
Learning a foreign language well means more than merely mastering the pronunciation, gram mar, words and idioms. It means learning also to see the world . as native speakers of that language see it, learning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas, customs, and behaviors of their society, learning to understand their "language of the mind". Learning a language, in fact, is inseparable from learning its culture.
According to the first paragraph, the term "culture" refers to ______.
A．things like cities, organizations and schools
B．ideas, customs, family patterns, and languages
C．all things produced by human race
D．the total that constitute a society
【M1】
【C1】
A．after
B．later
C．ago
D．before
【M1】
Studying human beings biologically and physiologically leads us to very different conclusions about how alike or different we are from each other. Very different indeed, every human being on the planet, all 5.3 billion of us, has the same number of bones, of the same type, serving the same purposes; each of us has 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent, and these chromosomes, genes and the DNA and RNA of which they are integral parts, are in every single human being; every cell, every membrane, every tissue, and every organ is the same everywhere. We all have a heart, a circulatory system, 2 lungs, a liver, 2 kidneys, a brain and nervous system, a reproductive system, digestive and excretory systems, musculature, in short, we are the same biologically and our bodies perform. the same functions everywhere on the planet. And as we learned in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, if you prick us, any of us, "do we not bleed"？ Of course we do, and
we bleed red blood no matter what the color of our skin, or the language we speak, the clothing we wear, the gods we worship, .or our geographical home. Man is of a Piece biologically; all equally effective organisms whether Amazon Indian, Australian aborigine, Parisian artist, Greek sailor, Chinese student, American astronaut, Russian soldier, or Palesfinian citizen.
Well then, you ask, how is that so many groups of people disparage other groups, persecute them, and claim superiority over them？ Why is it that some groups of people still hunt animals, wear little or no clothing, have little or no technology, while others are very sophisticated in their technology, industry, transportation, communication, food gathering and storage？ It is, of course, a matter of culture and the civilization that emerges and evolves from it. Though man is man everywhere, where he lives, when he lives there, with whom he lives there, all affect how he lives: that is, what he believes, what he wears, his customs, his gods, his rituals, his myths and literature, his language and his institutions. These are man-made artifacts that each group develops over time, living together, facing the same problems, needing and desiring the same things. They axe his culture, his identity.
The interactions of two powerful forces in all human life: nature (biology) and nurture (culture and civilization), shape us. Each culture has its own distinctive ways of seeing, feeling, thinking, speaking, believing, and just as no two humans are identical in all respects, so no two cultures are identical in all respects. But, wherever humans have lived and live today, there is culture with all of its elements embedded in a civilization that expresses that core of thought and feeling in its language, its institutions and other social organizations. All civilizations and the cultures that nourish them have hierarchies; social institutions, language, art of all kinds, religion or a system of spiritual beliefs of some kind, laws, customs, rituals (other than religious) and ceremonies.
A study of anthropology and make it very clear that humans have created divisions and exacerbated superficial external difference for their own ulterior purposes whether political, social, economic or religious. The truth is that we are much more alike in very basic ways than we are different. If you wear one type of garment and I wear another, we both wear some kind of garment. Our culture demands it. If you speak one language and I another, we both speak so that others will understand us; we must communicate with each other. Nothing is gained
A．Racial difference.
B．Civilization difference.
C．Cultural difference.
D．Biological difference.
Read the passage and choose the right sub-title (A-E) for each paragraph.
A.The inexactitude of language
B.Preventing misunderstandings
C.Intercultural communication
D.Fostering respect
E.Avoiding conflicts
Para 1 （）
Intercultural communication refers to messages transmitted between members of two or more different societies. Effective intercultural communication helps firms avoid conflict, prevent misunderstandings, and foster respect.
Para 2 （）
The workplace is growing more diverse every day. Managers cannot assume that what they find inoffensive will also be inoffensive to their subordinates. A lack of sensitivity can lead to claims of discrimination or harassment, which costs firms big money. Intercultural communication involves exercising sensitivity and tact to avoid such conflicts.
Para 3 （）
We human beings have developed language to communicate ideas to one another. Still, our language represents an imperfect form. of communication. Sometimes, words cannot accurately convey an idea, because the information might be highly complex. Also, a concept that exists in one culture or language might not be part of another. Effective intercultural communication tries to bridge language gaps as effectively as possible so that everyone at the workplace finds themselves on the same page.
Para 4 （）
Given the inexactitude of language, misunderstandings can frequently arise between people from different cultures when they exchange information. Idioms often become lost in translation. For example, the English expression “to shoulder responsibility” translates into Swedish as “be a man for your hat”. Intercultural communication does not rely on expressions native to a particular language that could lead to confusion; rather, it relies on clear messages that all parties understand.
Para 5 （）
Communication happens differently in various cultures. What one society finds acceptable may be anathema to another. When coworkers from different cultures do not take these differences into account, not only does communication suffer but conflicts come to the fore. Effective intercultural communication does not try to ignore societal differences; rather, it respects the variations among the human race and enables people to transmit information clearly.
【C1】
A．simplicity
B．curiosity
C．capacity
D．ability
第三篇 Some Things We Know about Language
Many things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so. But some things we do know.
First,we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one mother. Furthermore,in historical times, there has never been a race of men without a langUage． Second , there is no such thing as a primitive language. There are many people whose cultures are undevel oped,who are,as we say,uncivilized, but the languages they speak are not primitive. In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing.
This has not always been well understood;indeed, the direct contrary has often been stated. Popu- lar ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate. Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises. Study has proved this to be nonsense. There are,or were,hundreds of American Indian languages,and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old. They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with,but they are no more primitive five than English and Greek.
A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate. That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language.
Finally, we know that language changes. It is natural and normal for language to change;the only languages which do not change are the dead ones. This is easy to understand if we look backward in time. Change goes on in all aspects of language. Grammatical features change as do speech sounds,and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.
In the second paragraph the author thinks that
A.some backward race doesn't have a language of its own
B.some race in history didn't possess a language of its own
C.any human race,whether backward or not, has a language
D.some races on earth call communicate without language.
