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Loneliness has been linked to depression and other health problems. Now, a study says it c

an also spread. A friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. And a friend of that friend was 25% more likely to do the same. Earlier findings showed that happiness, fatness and the ability to stop smoking can also grow like infections within social groups. The findings all come from a major health study in the American town of Framingham, Massachusetts.

The study began in 1948 to investigate the causes of heart disease. Since then, more tests have been added, including measures of loneliness and depression.

The new findings involved more than 5,000 people in the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study. The researchers examined friendship histories and reports of loneliness. The results established a pattern that spread as people reported fewer close friends.

For example, loneliness can affect relationships between next-door neighbors. The loneliness spreads as neighbors who were close friends now spend less time together. The study also found that loneliness spreads more easily among women than men.

Researchers from the University of Chicago, Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, did the study. The findings appeared last month in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

The average person is said to experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. The study found that having a lonely friend can add about 17 days. But every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about 5%, or two and a half days.

Lonely people become less and less trusting of others. This makes it more and more difficult for them to make friends—and more likely that society will reject them.

John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago led the study. He says it is important to recognize and deal with loneliness. He says people who have been pushed to the edges of society should receive help to repair their social networks.

The aim should be to aggressively create what he calls a "protective barrier" against loneliness. This barrier, he says, can keep the whole network from coming apart.

Besides loneliness, which of the following can also spread among people？

A．Friendship.

B．Happiness.

C．Depression.

D．Smoking.

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更多“Loneliness has been linked to …”相关的问题
第1题
Its an odd paradox: thanks to cell phones, PDAs and the Internet, weve never before been i
n touch and within reach of so many people. And yet, weve never been so lonely, either. Which is to say, our loneliness is largely something weve inflicted on ourselves through countless lifestyle. choices, many of them good, some even critical. But in the end, is it all worth it？ What is lost when we have e-mail pals on the other side of the world, but dont know our own neighbors？ Are bigger salaries, bigger cars, bigger homes worth the price of smaller social circles and diminished relationships？ Our loneliness has costs: crime goes up when neighbors dont look out for each other. The burden on public services increases when were not helping each other out. And the din of an iPod is no substitute for genuine connection with another human being. Theres no easy way out of our collective loneliness, and no solutions that come without trade-offs. But some of those trade-offs are worth reconsidering, lest we consume our lives with the things that matter least, at the expense of those that matter most.

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第2题
Situational loneliness has made it possible for people ______.A．to keep fitB．to adjust to

Situational loneliness has made it possible for people ______.

A．to keep fit

B．to adjust to the new circumstances

C．to cause sleeplessness and headaches

D．to understand that their shyness can not be got hold of

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第3题
Friendship is one of the basic bonds between human beings. While the characteristics of fr
iendship might vary from one country to another, people from all cultures not only enjoy friends but need them.

Many studies have shown that teenagers who have no friends often suffer from psychological disorders. It has been shown that teenagers, perhaps more than any other age group, need companionship and a sense of belonging. The negative consequences of loneliness have also been observed among the elderly. The death of a spouse often leaves a widow or a widower totally lonely. If, however, they are surrounded by friends and relatives and if they are able to articulate their feelings, they are more likely to recover from their grief.

"No man is an island." In other words, we are all parts of society. We all need the love, admiration, respect and moral support of other people. If we are fortunate, our friends will provide us with all of these necessary aspects of life.

As most people observe, there are many levels of friendship. The degree or intensity of friendship varies depending on the personality of the individuals involved and the context of the relationships. Extroverts enjoy being surrounded by many people whereas introverts are perhaps content with fewer but more intense friendships.

Everyone is not equally open with all their friends. The degree of intimacy is determined by many factors. Close friends can be formed at any stage in one's life but they are usually very rare. Not very many people have more than a few really close friends. Irrespective of the level of intimacy, all friendships are based on reciprocity, honesty and a certain a mount of love and affection.

The second paragraph implies that ______.

A．teenagers without friends will suffer from psychological problems

B．a widow or a widower will die very soon without companionships

C．human beings need companionships and a sense of belonging

D．both A and B

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第4题
Blocks of "high-rise" flats have been built in large numbers in London and in many other b
ig cities. Just after the Second World War these big, twenty-to-thirty storey buildings, hundreds of feet in height, were thought to be the ideal solution to the housing problem. For on the one hand, there was severe housing shortage, but on the other hand, there was lack of space to build houses in urban areas. Blocks of "high-rise" flats seemed at first to be able to solve the problem, since they can offer more families to live in on less land. The beautiful, modem apartments in the high-rises were much sought after by people who lived downtown.

Hundreds of the vast blocks had been built before anyone began to doubt about whether they were good solutions or not. Are they suitable places for people, children especially, to live in？ A well-known British architect, who personally designed many of these buildings, now believes that the high-rises may well make those people who have been housed in them suffer a great deal.

Evidence has been collected by social workers, which suggests that people do suffer. They complain about severe loneliness and deep depression living within these great towers. People also talk about lack of communication with others, no easy access to a playground for children, no chances for adults to get familiarized with each other. Many people say that they have lived next door to each other for years in the same building, but they never know who their neighbors are. Some experts say that a large number of people living in the high-rises suffer from mental disorder and even developed criminal tendencies. As a result of these new discoveries, plans for new high-rise blocks are being reconsidered. We Chinese are now building up many high-rises in big cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Perhaps we should also reconsider the idea too.

There was a big housing problem after the Second World War ______.

A．in London

B．in the rural areas

C．in many big cities

D．in many countries

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第5题
请根据短文内容，回答题。 Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights LonelinessMashed pot

请根据短文内容，回答题。

Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness

Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries, __________(1) according to a study in Psychological Science, they&39;re good for your heart and__________ (2). The study focuses on "comfort food" and how it makes people feel.＜br＞

"For me__________ (3), food has always played a big role in my family," says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study. The study came out of the research program of his co-author Shira Gabriel. It has __________(4) non-human things that may affect human emotions. Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their __________(5) TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones. Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect__________ (6) making people think of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make__________ (7) feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them. Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each__________ (8) wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food.__________ (9), the researchers had participants __________ (10) questions about their levels of loneliness.＜br＞

Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely. But people who were generally__________(11 ) in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food. "We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us," says Troisi. "Thinking aboul or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others." In __________(12)essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the __________(13) of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, __________(14) chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food. This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn&39;t remember it. Throughout everyone&39;s daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our__________ (15) with others, "Troisi says. "Comfort food can be an easy remedy for loneliness."＜

_________ 查看材料

A.but

B.if

C.though

D.while

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第6题
听力原文：Most people feel lonely sometimes. But it usually only lasts between a few minute

听力原文： Most people feel lonely sometimes. But it usually only lasts between a few minutes and a few hours. This kind of loneliness is not serious. In fact, it is quite normal. For some people though, loneliness can last for years. Now researchers say there are three different types of loneliness.

The first kind of loneliness is temporary. This is the most common type. It usually disappears quickly and does not require any special attention. The second kind, situational loneliness, is a natural result of a particular situation--for example, a family problem, the death of a loved one, or moving to a new place. Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year. The third kind of loneliness is the most severe. Unlike the second type, chronic loneliness usually lasts more than two years and has no specific cause. People who experience habitual loneliness have problems socializing and becoming close to others. Unfortunately, many chronically lonely people think there is little or nothing they can do to improve their conditions. Psychologists agree that one important factor in loneliness is a person's social contacts, e.g. , friends, family members, co-workers, etc. We depend on various people for different reasons. For instance, our families give us emotional support, our parents and teachers give us guidance, and our friends share similar interests and activities. However, psychologists have found that, though lonely people may have many social contacts, they sometimes feel they should have more. They question their own popularity.

(30)

A．Types of Loneliness.

B．Causes of Loneliness.

C．Solutions to Loneliness.

D．Loneliness.

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第7题
Loneliness is a curious thing. Most of us can remember feeling most lonely when we were surrounded b
y people. Everyone has experienced at same time that utter sense of isolation that comes over you when you are at a party or in an audience at a lecture. It suddenly seems to you as if everybody knows everybody else, everybody is sure of himself？ everybody that is, except you.

The feeling pf loneliness which can overcome you when you are m a crowd is very difficult to get rid of. People living alone are advised to tackle their loneliness by joining a club or society, by going out and meeting people. Does it really help？

There are no easy solutions. Your first day at work, or at a new school or university, is atypical situation in which you are likely to feel lonely. You feel that everybody else is full of confidence and knows what to do, but you are adrift and helpless. The fact of the matter is that, in order to survive, we all put on a show of self-confidence to hide our uncertainties and doubts.

In a big city it is particularly easy to get the feeling that everybody except you is leading a full, rich and busy life. Everybody is going somewhere, and you tend to assume that they are going somewhere nice and interesting whereas your destination is less exciting and fulfdling.

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第8题
听力原文：Thirty years ago, anyone blaming loneliness for physical illness would have been

听力原文： Thirty years ago, anyone blaming loneliness for physical illness would have been laughed at. But as scientists studied different populations, loneliness kept emerging as a risk factor. In one study, Californian researchers followed 4,700 residents of Alameda County for 10 years, starting in 1965.

At first, the participants reported their key sources of companionship and estimated the time they devoted to each other. During the study, the people who reported the least social contact died at nearly three times the rate of those reporting the most. The source of companionship didn't matter, but time spent with others was critical.

Since then, researchers have studied men, women, soldiers and students from countries all over the world. And the same pattern keeps emerging. Women who say they feel isolated go on to die of cancer at several times the expected rate. College students who report "strained and cold" relationships with their parents suffer extraordinary rates of hypertension and heart disease decades later. Heart-attack survivors who happen to live by themselves die at twice tile rate of those who live with others.

For those of us who are still healthy, the lesson should be obvious. It's clear that reaching out to others can help our bodies thrive. It's equally clear that we're growing more isolated. In 1900, only 5 percent of U.S. households consisted of one person living alone. The proportion reached 13 percent in 1960, and it stands at 25 percent today. In a book entitled Bowling Alone, author Robert Putnam shows that oar social connections are disappearing on other levels, too In 1976, Americans attended an average of 12 club meetings a year. The current average is five. Card games, dinner parties and shared family meals have all followed the same pattern. We all have a good excuse we're too busy but we shouldn't be surprised when it catches up with us.

(30)

A．The key source of connections.

B．The time spent with others.

C．The kind of social contact.

D．The degree of solitude.

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第9题
Loneliness is a curious thing. Most of us can remember feeling most lonely when we were no
t in fact alone at all, but when we were surrounded (包围) by people. Everyone has experienced, at some time, that crazy sense of isolation(隔离) that comes over you when you are at a party or in an audience at lecture. It suddenly seems to you as if everybody knows everybody else; everybody is sure of himself; everybody, that is, except you.

This feeling of loneliness which can make you weak when you are in a crowd is very difficult to get fid of(消除). People living alone are advised to deal with their loneliness by joining a club or a society, by going out and meeting people. Does this really help？

There is no easy way out. Your first day at work, or at a new school or university, is a typical situation in which you are likely to feel lonely. You feel that everybody else is full of confidence and knows what to do, but you are alone and helpless. The fact of the matter is that, in order to live, we all put on a show of self-confidence to hide our uncertainties and doubts.

In a big city it is particularly easy to get the feeling that everybody except you is leading a full, rich, busy life. Everybody is going somewhere, and you tend to believe that they are going somewhere nice and interesting, but your destination (目的地) is less exciting and attractive.

What is the passage mainly about？

A．Helplessness.

B．Loneliness.

C．Isolation.

D．Difficulty.

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第10题
How to Deal with Loneliness ALoneliness is a feeling of emptiness or hollowness inside you

How to Deal with Loneliness

A

Loneliness is a feeling of emptiness or hollowness inside you. You feel isolated or separated from the world, cut off from those you would like to have contact with. There are different kinds of loneliness and different degrees of the loneliness. You might experience loneliness as a vague feeling that something is not right, a kind of minor emptiness. Or you might feel loneliness as a very intense deprivation and deep pain, One type of loneliness might be related to missing a specific individual because they have died or because they are actually physically isolated from. For instance, if you work alone on the night shift or are alone in a part of a building where people seldom go. You might even feel emotionally isolated when you are surrounded by people but are having difficulty reaching out to them.

B

It needs to be emphasized here that loneliness is not the same as being alone. A person will always have time when they chose to be alone. Rather, loneliness is the feeling of being alone and feeling sad about it. And, of course, all of us feel lonely some of the time. It is only when we seem trapped in our loneliness that it becomes a real problem.

C

Loneliness is a passive state. That is, it is maintained by our passively letting it continue and doing nothing to change it. We hope it will go away, eventually, and we do nothing but let it envelop us. Strangely, there are times when we might even embrace the feeling. Yet, embracing loneliness and sinking down into feeling associated with it usually leads to a sense of depression and helplessness, which, in turn, leads to an even more passive state and more depression.

D

To stop feeling lonely, we first must accept that we are feeling lonely. Sometimes admitting that to ourselves is difficult. We then have to express those feelings of loneliness in some way. We might find ourselves writing in a diary, writing an imaginary letter to a friend or relative, drawing or painting a picture, making up a song, or doing anything else that lets us begin to express the feeling we have inside usincluding talking with other people! Expressing our feelings might lead us to discover that we feel a number of things which might be connected to our feelings of loneliness, including sadness, anger and frustration. We might be able to begin to see where these feelings are coming fromwhat they are connected to in our lives. As we begin to see the connections we will be more able to begin to make changes.

E

The big change, of course, is to stop being passive and become more active. If we're missing someone, such as parents, family, or friends, we can telephone, write, email or visit them. Talking to an understanding friend can often help change our moods as well. If we don't have an understanding friend, talking with a pastor, teacher or counselor might be a place to start. If we are lonely because we are missing someone who has died, being able to express our grief at their loss and beginning to remember our happier moments with them and knowing that those memories can always be with us, can move us away from the lonely feelings. This can also apply to losses of significant friendships or lovers.

F

Getting involved in some

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第11题
______ there has been no effective medicine against the disease although a lot of effort has been ma
de to find one.
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