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Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict br

eeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.

Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.

Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specially, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.

Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most of ten assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.

In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.

In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is ________.

A．wrong

B．oversimplified

C．misleading

D．unclear

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更多“Conventional wisdom about conf…”相关的问题

第1题

Countercultures are groups of people whose values reject the ______ wisdom and standar

A.popular

B.mass

C.common

D.conventional

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第2题

Which of the following is against the policies of conventional wisdom？A．Moderate childhood

Which of the following is against the policies of conventional wisdom？

A．Moderate childhood stress can be beneficial to the students.

B．Knowledge should be elicited from the students.

C．Cooperative tasks should be advocated in the class.

D．Rote learning should be abandoned in the class.

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第3题

It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A．developing countries should worry about

It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

A．developing countries should worry about the harm caused by polluted water and air

B．the developing countries' economy will develop more rapidly if they deal with environmental problems right now

C．the conventional wisdom has it that solving environmental problems may hurt economic growth

D．the conventional wisdom holds that dealing with environmental problems now will generally cost less

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第4题

By citing me example of his music teacher, the author tries to______.A．reveal underlying p

By citing me example of his music teacher, the author tries to______.

A．reveal underlying problems in current education system

B．prove the necessity of reviving traditional education

C．complain about some educators" abuse of policies

D．explain why the conventional wisdom is wrong

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第5题

After reading the passage, we learn that ______.A．the author believes that crime will cert

After reading the passage, we learn that ______.

A．the author believes that crime will certainly promote the rappers' album.

B．the conventional wisdom of crime' s connection with credibility is always true.

C．being put into jail will not necessarily help a rappers' career.

D．being put into jail may change the perceptions fans already have.

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第6题

？Read the extract below about advertising.？For each question 31-40, write one word in CAPI

？Read the extract below about advertising.

？For each question 31-40, write one word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet.

Is More Advertising Needed

The effectiveness of advertising is a hugely controversial area. Conventional wisdom in the industry is that sales may well increase for a Certain period even after the advertising of a product ends. But (31) comes a point when sales start to decline and it then becomes extremely expensive to rebuild the brand. This supports the idea of continuous advertising. But some people in the industry believe the conventional wisdom is (32) longer true. When America's big TV networks reached prime-time audiences of 90% of households, they were a powerful way to build a brand. (33) that those audiences might be as low as one-third of households, other ways of promoting a brand have (34) more competitive. Moreover, many clients never really embraced continuous advertising: when times get tough, just as they (35) after 2000, one of the first things many companies cut is their ad budget.

Robert Shaw, a visiting professor at the Cranfield School of Management in Britain, runs a forum in (36) a number of big companies try to monitor the "marketing payback" from advertising. The return from traditional media was, he says, "never terribly good". Generally nearly half of ads provide a return (37) their investment. And there can be various reasons why ads influence sales, other (38) their direct effect on consumers. (39) instance, if a producer announces a multi-million dollar ad-campaign, then retailers are often persuaded to increase, deliveries. This can result (40) a "distribution effect" that leads to additional sales.

(31)

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第7题

Conventional wisdom has it that concern for the environment is a luxury only the rich worl

d can afford; that only people whose basic needs for food and shelter have been met can start worrying about the health of the planet. This survey will argue that developing countries, too, should be thinking about the environment. True, in the rich countries a strong environmental movement did not emerge until long after they had become industrialized, a stage that many developing countries have yet to reach. And true, many of the developed world's environmental concerns have little to do with immediate threats to its inhabitants' wall-being. People worry about whether carbon-dioxide emissions might lead to a warmer climate next century, or whether genetically engineered crops might have unforeseen consequences for the ecosystem. That is why, when rich world environmentalists' campaign against pollution in poor countries, they are often accused of naivety. Such countries, the critics say, have more pressing concerns, such as getting their people out of poverty.

But the environmental problems that developing countries should worry about are different from those that western pundits have fashionable arguments over. They are not about potential problems in the next century, but about indisputable harm being caused to conventional wisdom, solving such problems need not hurt economic growth; indeed dealing with them now will generally be cheaper than leaving them to cause further harm.

In most developing countries pollution seems to be getting worse, not better. Most big cities in Latin America, for example, are suffering rising levels of air pollution. Populations in these countries are growing so fast that improvements in water supply have failed to keep up with the number of extra people. Worldwide, about a billion people still have no access to clean water, and water contaminated by sewage is estimated to kill some 2 million children every year. Throughout Latin America, Asia, Africa, forests are disappearing, causing not just long-term concern about climate change but also immediate economic damage. Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 produced a huge blanket of smog that enveloped much of South-East Asia and kept the tourists away. It could happen again, and probably will.

Recent research suggests that pollution in developing countries is far more than a minor irritation: it imposes a heavy economic cost. A Word Bank study put the cost of air and water pollution in China at ＄ 54 billion a year, equivalent to an astonishing 8% of the country's GDP. Another study estimated the health costs of air pollution in Jakarta and Bangkok in the early 1990s at around 10% of these cities' income. These are no more than educated guesses, but whichever way the sums are done, the cost is not negligible.

It is conventionally thought that ______.

A．only rich countries can afford to care about environmental problems

B．developing countries should also be thinking about the environment

C．environmental problems exist only in the rich world

D．rich countries have not paid enough attention to the health of the planet

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第8题

In America alone, tipping is now a $16 billion-a-year industry. A recent poll showed that

40% of Americans【C1】______ the practice. Tips should not exist. So【C2】______ do they？ The conventional wisdom is that tips both【C3】______ the efforts of good service and reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality.【C4】______ according to new research from Cornell University, tipping【C5】______ serves any useful functions. The paper analyses data from 2,547 groups dining at 20 different restaurants. The【C6】______ between larger tips and better service was very【C7】______: only a tiny part of the【C8】______ in the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service. Customers who rated a meal as "excellent" still tipped【C9】______ between 8% and 37% of the meal price. Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics. In America, the custom【C10】______ institutionalized: it is regarded as part of the【C11】______ cost of a service. In a New York restaurant, failing to tip at least 15% could well mean【C12】______ from the waiter. Hairdressers can expect to get 15-20%, the man who【C13】______ your groceries $2. In Europe, tipping is less common; in many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being【C14】______ by a standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really【C15】______ at all. How to【C16】______ for these national differences？ According to Michael Lynn, the Cornell papers coauthor, countries in which people are more extrovert, sociable or neurotic tend to tip more. Tipping relieves【C17】______ about being served by strangers. And, says Mr. Lynn, "in America, where people are【C18】______ and expressive, tipping is about social approval. If you tip badly people think less of you. " Icelanders,【C19】______, do not usually tip — a measure of their【C20】______, no doubt.

【C1】

A．alarm

B．like

C．despise

D．hate

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第9题

听力原文： The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generati

on. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become "better" people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don't go.

But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to half our high school graduates are attending, those who don't fit the pattern are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with each other's experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school. Others find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out--often encouraged by college administrators.

Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves--they are spoiled and they are expecting too much. But that's a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn't explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We've been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can't absorb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year olds, either.

Some adventuresome educators and campus watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesn't make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things--maybe it's just the other way around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.

According to the passage, the author believes that ______.

A．people used to question the value of college education

B．people used to have full confidence in higher education

C．all high school graduates went to college

D．very few high school graduates choose to go to college

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第10题

When antiglobalization protesters took to the streets of Washington last weekend, they bl

When anti-globalization protesters took to the streets of Washington last weekend, they blamed globalization for everything from hunger to the destruction of home-grown cultures. And globalization meant the United States. The critics call it Coca-Colonization, and French sheep farmer Jose Bove has become a cult(狂热分子) figure since destroying a McDonald's restaurant in 1999. Contrary to conventional wisdom, however, globalization is neither homogenizing(使…同化) nor Americanizing the cultures of the world.

To understand why not, we have to step back and put the current period in a larger historical perspective. Although they are related, the long-term historical trends of globalization and modernization are not the same. While modernization has produced some common traits, such as large cities, factories and mass communications, local cultures have by no means been erased. The appearance of similar institutions in response to similar problems is not surprising, but it does not lead to homogeneity. In the first half of the 20th century, for example, there were some similarities among the industrial societies of Britain, Germany, America and Japan, but there were even more important differences. When China, India and Brazil complete their current processes of industrialization and modernization, we should not expect them to be exact copies of Japan, Germany or the United States.

Take the current information revolution. The United States is at the forefront of this great movement of change, so the uniform. social and cultural habits produced by television viewing or Internet use, for instance, are often attributed to Americanization. But correlation is not cause. Since the United States does exist and is at the leading edge of the information revolution, there is a degree of Americanization at present, but it is likely to decrease over the course of the 21st century as technology spreads and local cultures modernize in their own ways.

Historical proof that globalization does not necessarily mean hamogenization can be seen in the case of Japan. In the mid-19th century, it became the first Asian country to embrace globalization and to borrow successfully from the world without losing its uniqueness. Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan searched broadly for tools and innovations that would allow it to become a major power rather than a victim of Western imperialism. The lesson that Japan has to teach the rest of the world is that even a century and a half of openness to global trends does not necessarily assure destruction of a country's separate cultural identity.

The author's main purpose in writing this passage is to______.

A．report the progress of some new events

B．criticize extreme and violent actions

C．recall a certain period of American history

D．tell his readers not to be afraid of globalization

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