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[主观题]

In America alone, tipping is now a $16 billion-a-year industry. A recent poll showed that

40% of Americans【C1】______ the practice. Tips should not exist. So【C2】______ do they？ The conventional wisdom is that tips both【C3】______ the efforts of good service and reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality.【C4】______ according to new research from Cornell University, tipping【C5】______ serves any useful functions. The paper analyses data from 2,547 groups dining at 20 different restaurants. The【C6】______ between larger tips and better service was very【C7】______: only a tiny part of the【C8】______ in the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service. Customers who rated a meal as "excellent" still tipped【C9】______ between 8% and 37% of the meal price. Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics. In America, the custom【C10】______ institutionalized: it is regarded as part of the【C11】______ cost of a service. In a New York restaurant, failing to tip at least 15% could well mean【C12】______ from the waiter. Hairdressers can expect to get 15-20%, the man who【C13】______ your groceries $2. In Europe, tipping is less common; in many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being【C14】______ by a standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really【C15】______ at all. How to【C16】______ for these national differences？ According to Michael Lynn, the Cornell papers coauthor, countries in which people are more extrovert, sociable or neurotic tend to tip more. Tipping relieves【C17】______ about being served by strangers. And, says Mr. Lynn, "in America, where people are【C18】______ and expressive, tipping is about social approval. If you tip badly people think less of you. " Icelanders,【C19】______, do not usually tip — a measure of their【C20】______, no doubt.

【C1】

A．alarm

B．like

C．despise

D．hate

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更多“In America alone, tipping is n…”相关的问题

第1题

It can be inferred from the passage that Mann believe that America as an empire built on m

ilitary domination alone will not succeed because ______.

A．the actual ability of Washington to use trade and aid as political leverage is severely limited.

B．its political and economic capabilities are less overwhelming.

C．the use of force turns the quest for empire into "overconfident and hyperactive militarism. "

D．its failure to secure the support of countries such as Angola, Chile, Guinea, Mexico, and Pakistan.

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第2题

Driving cars, trucks and motorcycles is an important part of our lives. We do it every day

to get to work, to school or to friends' houses.

Driving can be very convenient, but can also cause many problems. Waiting in line at a red light, a driver may get impatient and decide just to drive right through it. If another car is coming from the other direction, there might be a terrible accident. Cutting another car off can make its driver angry, so that driver cuts off someone else. Pretty soon everybody is angry, and impatient.

Traffic accidents declare millions of lives every year worldwide. In America alone, over seven people are killed in accidents every day. The annual death rate (年死亡率) from traffic accidents in America is twice that of Japan. To allow traffic to move smoothly and safely, everybody must follow the rules. Before you drive, learn all the traffic laws. That way of driving is safe, convenient and even fun!

The word "convenient" in the passage means ______.

A．handy, easy to do

B．that can be changed

C．fond of drinking and merry-making

D．carriages or other trucks

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第3题

Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far bet

ween.

Certainly Newton considered some theoretical' aspects of it in his writings, but he was【C1】______to go to sea to【C2】______his work.

For most people the sea was【C3】______, and with the【C4】______of early international travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it,【C5】______alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The flint time that the question "What is at the bottom of the oceans？" had to be answered with any commercial【C6】______was when the【C7】______of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the【C8】______to estimate the length of cable that had to be【C9】______.

It was【C10】______Maury of the US Navy【C11】______the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853,【C12】______information on this matter. The cable was laid, but not until 1866【C13】______the connection made【C14】______and reliable. At the early【C15】______, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs【C16】______was found to be covered in living【C17】______, a fact which【C18】______contemporary scientific opinion【C19】______there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.

Within a few years oceanography was【C20】______way.

【C1】

A．reluctant

B．irreluctant

C．reductant

D．redundant

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第4题

In America, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures

children are expected to care 【C1】______ their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who 【C2】______ with their parents 【C3】______ 65% to 70%. in Thailand, too, children are expected to look after their elderly parents; few Thai elderly live 【C4】______ . What explains these differences in living arrangements across cultures？ Modernization theory 【C5】______ the extended family to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. 【C6】______ with modernization, children move to urban areas, 【C7】______ old people after in 【C8】______ rural areas. Yet modernization theory can't 'explain why such households were never common in America or England, or why families in fully modernized Italy 【C9】______ a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain 【C10】______ living arrangements.

Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance 【C11】______ . In some cultures, the stem family pattern of inheritance overtakes. 【C12】______ this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then 【C13】______ their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws, 【C14】______ broader social changes brought 【C15】______ by industrialization and urbanization, have 【C16】______ the usage. In 1960 about 80% of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60% 【C17】______ — a figure that is still high 【C18】______ American standards, but which has been 【C19】______ steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are 【C20】______ : the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77% in 1984 to 50% just 10 years later.

【C1】

A．about

B．after

C．for

D．over

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第5题

Oceanography has been defined as "The application of all sciences to the study of the sea.

？

Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.

For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question "What is at the bottom of the oceans？ had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was pro posed. The engineers had to know the depth profile(起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.

It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings(测探) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book the Physical Geography of the Sea.

The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the earl5* attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.

Within a few years oceanography was under way, In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition(考察) ,which lasted for four years and brought home. thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.

The proposal to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to America made oceanographic studies take on a(n) ______.

A．academic aspect

B．military aspect

C．business aspect

D．international aspect

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第6题

Pursuing free trade through WTO has many attractions. Countries bind themselves and their

trading partners to transparent and non-discriminatory trade rules, which the WTO then enforces even handedly. Since most governments operate on the premise that opening domestic markets is a concession to be traded for access to foreign markets, multilateral liberalization is often the most effective route to free trade.

A successful WTO round requires two big bargains to be struck: a transatlantic deal between America and the EU and a north-south deal between the rich and the poor. Yet at Seattle this year there is a long way to go before such broad bargains can be considered, let alone struck.

America wants a few priority issues to be settled. Its list includes an extension of the duty-free status of e-commerce, a broader IT pact, reform. of the WTO dispute settlements system, increased WTO transparency and the phase out of tariffs in eight sectors including chemicals, energy products and environmental products. The EU on the other hand professes to want a more comprehensive approach that focuses on removing tariff peaks for such imports as textiles, glass and footwear, but would preserve tariff preferences for developing countries.

The biggest obstacle may be the insistence of many developing countries that they will block further liberalization until their gripes over the Uruguay round are addressed They want their obligations in areas such as intellectual property, investor protection, subsidies and anti-dumping to be eased. They argue that the Uruguay round has failed to deliver expected benefits in such areas as agriculture and textiles.

Though by no means a monolithic block, the developing countries share a feeling that whatever the promise of liberalization at the WTO, rich countries will Conspire to keep their markets closed. Indeed, the EU insists that freeing trade should be "controlled, steered and managed according to the concerns of EU citizens". That is in keeping with a view, widespread on the continent, that "a protectionist trade policy is a price readily paid for political objectives".

However great these obstacles are, they could be overcome if America were still leading the drive for freer world trade. With its economy doing well, greater access to foreign markets seems a less pressing priority. The Clinton administration is unwilling to make politically painful concessions required to achieve that aim. So there is a possibility that the Seattle round will turn out to be a fiasco. If that happens, it will encourage the anti-WTO groups to go on the offensive. America, the EU and Japan would increasingly be tempted by managed trade.

The WTO's transparent and non-discriminatory rules require all member countries to ______.

A．exchange domestic markets for foreign markets

B．make concessions in foreign trade

C．adopt the most effective route to free trade

D．enforce trade policies even handedly

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第7题

Oceanography has been defined as "The application of all sciences to the study of the sea"

. Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between.

Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.

For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question "what is at the bottom of the oceans？" Had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.

It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.

The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.

Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition, which lasted four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea.

Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a fivevolume report, the last volume being published in 1895.

The proposal to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to America made oceanographic studies take on ______.

A．an academic aspect

B．a military aspect

C．a business aspect

D．an international aspect

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第8题

Throughout all ages man has always carved colossal （巨大的) figures out of stone. This can

Throughout all ages man has always carved colossal (巨大的) figures out of stone. This can be seen in the ancient ruins of Egypt, Persia and Babylon. In modern times America has also taken up the same challenge and has carved huge sculptures into her mountains.

On the East Coast of America not far from Atlanta, Georgia stands Stone Mountain, the largest mass of exposed granite (花岗石) in the world. Carved into the side of this mountain are three tremendous equestrian figures. They are sculptures of Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee and "Stonewall Jackson." It is a memorial to the Confederacy. The colossal figure of Lee alone measures 138 feet from the top of his head to the tip of his horse's hoof. To see these stone sculptures on the side of a mountain is most impressive and inspiring. It was commissioned in 1916 and was begun by Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor of Mt. Rushmore, but was not completed until 1969 by Walter K. Hancock.

In South Dakota, a western state., is located another achievement of man's ability to shape nature into his own image and the achievement is considered to be one of the great man-made wonders of the modern world. It is located in the Black Hills in the southwestern part of the state. It is called the "Shrine of Democracy" at Mount Rushmore about twenty-five miles from Rapid City. It is visible for 97 kilometers.

This monument was conceived by master sculptor, Gutzon Borglum and was begun in 1927. He was born in Idaho and his first commission was a statue of Abraham Lincoln in the Capitol in Washington, D.C. This masterpiece in stone consists of the faces of four U. S. presidents which are 60 feet high each. The monument took 14 years to complete and ranks as one of the great sculptures of the world equal to the colossal figures of gods and kings found in Egyptian temples and tombs. Some have argued that a fifth face should be carved next to the existing four, but this would be impossible because the stone on the rest of the mountain is not of good quality for carving.

A trip to America would not be complete without viewing one of these monuments. Their size, scope and grandeur stand as a testimony(证明)to both art and technology and the grandeur of America.

What can we learn from the first paragraph？

A．All nations have carved colossal figures on the stone.

B．Only in Egypt, Persia and Babylon people can carve colossal figures.

C．There are also some great sculptures in America.

D．America is a challenge to other counties.

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第9题

It has been a wretched few weeks for America's celebrity bosses.AIG's Maurice Greenberg ha

It has been a wretched few weeks for America's celebrity bosses. AIG's Maurice Greenberg has been dramatically ousted from the firm through which he dominated global insurance for decades. At Morgan Stanley a mutiny is forcing Philip Purcell, a boss used to getting his own way, into an increasingly desperate campaign to save his skin. At Boeing, Harry Stonecipher was called out of retirement to lead the scandal-hit firm and raise ethical standards, only to commit a lapse of his own, being sacked for sending e-mails to a lover who was also an employee. Carly Fiorina was the most powerful woman in corporate America until a few weeks ago, when Hewlett-Packard (HP) sacked her for poor performance. The fate of Bernie Ebbers is much grimmer. The once high-profile boss of World-Corn could well spend the rest of his life behind bars following his conviction last month on fraud charges.

In different ways, each of these examples appears to point to the same, welcome conclusion: that the imbalance in corporate power of the late 1990s, when many bosses were allowed to behave like absolute monarchs, has been corrected. Alas, appearances can be deceptive. While each of these recent tales of chief-executive woe is a sign of progress, none provides much evidence that the crisis in American corporate governance is yet over. In fact, each of these cases is an example of failed, not successful, governance.

At the very least, the boards of both Morgan Stanley and HP were far too slow to address their bosses' inadequacies. The record of the Boeing board in picking chiefs prone to ethical lapses is too long to be dismissed as mere bad luck. The fall of Messrs Greenberg and Ebbers, meanwhile, highlights the growing role of government—and, in particular, of criminal prosecutors—in holding bosses to account, a development that is, at best, a mixed blessing. The Sarbanes-Oxley act, passed in haste following the Enron and World-Com scandals, is imposing heavy costs on American companies; whether these are exceeded by any benefits is the subject of fierce debate and may not be known for years.

Eliot Spitzer, New York's attorney-general, is the leading advocate and practitioner of an energetic "law enforcement" approach. He may be right that the recent burst of punitive actions has been good for the economy, even if some of his own decisions have been open to question. Where he is undoubtedly right is in arguing that corporate America has done a lamentable job of governing itself. As he says in an article in the Wall Street Journal this week: "The honour code among CEOs didn't work. Board oversight didn't work. Self-regulation was a complete failure. " AIG's board, for example, did nothing about Mr Greenberg's use of murky accounting, or the conflicts posed by his use of offshore vehicles, or his constant bullying of his critics—let alone the firm's alleged participation in bid-rigging—until Mr Spitzer threatened a criminal prosecution that might have destroyed the firm.

In the opening paragraph, the author introduce his topic by ______.

A．citing America's celebrity bosses

B．listing a number of America's celebrity bosses

C．depicting the plight of some reputed American bosses

D．writing some most powerful persons in American firms.

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第10题

TransportationVisitors to America are immediately struck by the tremendous numbers of auto

Transportation

Visitors to America are immediately struck by the tremendous numbers of automobiles filling the highways and crowding the city streets. The automobile, which has transformed the American way of life, is the most indispensable workhorse of the family. During the week the father drives it to his job in the city, alone, or in a "car pool" arrangement with several of his fellow workers. When he leaves it at home, his wife uses it constantly to do errands(差事), to haul groceries, to drive children to lessons or appointments, to shops or swimming pools. On weekends the family drives out to the country for a picnic lunch or may take a trip of several hundred miles. On vacations, no corner of the country is beyond the family's reach.

Transportation Changed People's Life

All of America has felt the changes which came with the automobile and with the network of highways that have been built to serve it. Farmers, who live far from their neighbors, are no longer isolated. Tractors do the work of the many farmhands they cannot afford to hire; trucks carry their products to market, to storage elevators or to railroads.

Ownership of cars has made it possible for families to move out of cities to suburban areas and to small towns in the countryside, sometimes as much as 50 miles from where they work. Many businesses and stores have followed their customers to establish rural factories and suburban shopping centers surrounded by huge parking lots.

Traffic Problems

Traffic jams in cities and along the approaches to cities, especially at morning and evening rush hours and at the start and end of weekends, are difficult problems. How to find enough parking spaces in the cities, even with underground parking lots and many-storied "pigeonhole" parking structures, is another problem. More highways and wider ones are needed as fast as they can be built.

New Means of Transportation

America's good roads are very recent. When pioneer families crossed the country in covered wagons little more than 100 years ago along deep-rutted(有车辙的) roads, they were fortunate if they could make the trip in 109 days. Less than 60 years ago an automobile made the same trip and it still took 74 days, rather than 7 days it might take today. America had very few good roads before the mass production of the automobile made them necessary.

Now it takes a tremendous road building program, great sums of money, thousands of men, machines with wheels taller than the men who drive them and a great deal of planning to keep up with the highway needs of American. Thousands of miles of roads, most of which four and eight lanes wide, are being built, including expressways through and around large cities. They will scarcely keep up with the need, for there are many more cars each year. The number of cars in America is growing faster than the population. In two cities there are already more cars than families.

Before the modern highways were built, America's railroads carried people and products across the country. Railroads played an exciting and colorful part in the growth of America in the second half of the nineteenth century. Their iron tracks bound the country together and along their lines sprang up the cities, towns and villages that served as the market places for Americans moving West. In 1869 the first transcontinental railway was completed and at the point in Utah where the track from the East met the track from the West, a solid gold railway spike was driven in to fasten down the rail.

Today the railroads still serve as America's largest carrier of freight, hauling raw materials and goods to factories and stores, but they no longer carry many of America's travelers. In 1971 part of the railroads were put under government control when the National Passenger Corporation(known as Amtrak) took over responsibility for all intercity passeng

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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