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In a recent article, mathematician Aczel argues convincingly that the number of planets su

it able for life is extremely large. There are about 300 billion stars in our galaxy (银河系) and possibly 100 billion galaxies in the universe. Some may quarrel with Aczel' s claim that as many as half of these stars can be presumed to have planets, and that on average one in nine of those planets is suitable for life; but few, I think, will disagree with his conclusion that there are a very large number of planets suitable for life.

The trouble starts when we come to estimate the probability that life will emerge on any of these planets. The problem is that we don' t have a good theory of the origin of life on earth. Without one, it is anybody' s guess how likely this event actually was. Out of thin air Aczel conjures (想像) the figure of 1 in a trillion for this likelihood and concludes that the probability of life existing on at least one other planet is virtually 1.

Statistics are extremely powerful and important, and Aczel is a very clear and capable exponent (倡导者) of them. But statistics cannot substitute for empirical (经验主义的) knowledge about the way the universe behaves. We now have no reasonable way of arriving at robust estimates for the probability of life arising spontaneously when the conditions are right. So, until we either discover extraterrestrial (外星球的) life or understand far more about how at least one form. of life--terrestrial life--first appeared, we can do little more than guess at the likely hood that life exists elsewhere in the universe. And as long as we' re merely guessing, we should not dress up our interesting speculations as mathematical certainties.

The term "Out of thin air" in Line 3 of Paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ______.

A．convincingly

B．confidently

C．groundlessly

D．suitably

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更多“In a recent article, mathemati…”相关的问题

第1题

What is the article mainly about？A．An upcoming meeting of a corporate boardB．A firm's rece

What is the article mainly about？

A．An upcoming meeting of a corporate board

B．A firm's recent financial troubles

C．The appointment of a company executive

D．Ellison Monroe's annual performance assessment

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第2题

听力原文：I cold-call a lot of customers, you know— just call up potential clients to try t

o make sales. Mainly when I cold-call somebody I try to set up an appointment— nobody's going to buy your product or service over the phone, you know？ The key for me is to make sure I do some research beforehand, and try to add a personalized twist. Like I'll try to have some background on the company; ideally, I try to find any recent news they may have generated—that works really well as a conversation starter. If I can't find something on the company, I'll try to find something on the company's industry. A lot of times, I'll make them aware of an article they might be interested in. If they haven't seen the article, I offer to bring it by their office, and while I'm there, tell them about our services. At any rate, the cold-call gets my foot in the door, which is all I can really hope for.

What is the speaker mainly talking about？

A．Dealing with difficult customers

B．Maintaining good customer relations

C．Advertising new products or services

D．Calling potential customers to make sales

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第3题

Read the article below.In most of the lines 34—45 there is one extra word. It is either gr

Read the article below.

In most of the lines 34—45 there is one extra word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the meaning of the text. Some lines, however, are correct.

If a line is correct, write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet.

If there is an extra word In the line, write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet.

Management in HR

In recent years, as companies have been confronted by the competition and

employment stereotypes, struggled with recession and searched for excellence,

34 so the vocabulary for managing their workforces has tended to this change.

35 The term " Personnel Management" is giving way to " Human Resource Management"

36 or better still, to " Strategic Human Resource Management" . Nor it is this shift,

37 exclusively be confined to those followers of fashion, the commercial management

38 consultants, for it has now been recognised by both of managers and academics.

39 Of course, when this is hardly the first time that the language of management has

40 changed. The shift over the years to away from traditional manufacturing

41 industries towards high-tech manufacturing and the service sector has already been

42 mirrored in managers' increasing tendency to refer to " employee" rather than

43 " industrial" relations. But whereas that shift reflected some changes in which the

44 practice of management, so can the same be said of this latest shift in vocabulary？

45 Is HRM different in substance or emphasis from personnel management？

(34)

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第4题

MGM Grand HotelOctober 25, 2007 Our current chef, Andy Matthews, will be leaving on Novemb

MGM Grand Hotel

October 25, 2007

Our current chef, Andy Matthews, will be leaving on November 15 to become the head chef of our newest Bellagio Hotel in Las Vegas.

Our restaurant is seeking a new head chef with initiative and experience. We invite applications from candidates who have worked in MGM Grand Hotel kitchens for the last four years and have made significant contributions to our recent drive to provide a better service. Candidates' abilities will be reviewed by an independent judge. On November 7, invited candidates will prepare the specific dishes from the Bellagio Hotel menu. These will be tested and judged by the restaurant reviewer from the Nevada Weekly. The final selection for the position will be made based on the reviews. Applications must be received by October 30.

For more information, please contact: Ms. Kate Hunter, (519) 747-2373 ext. 289.

What is being announced in the notice？

A．The plan of early retirements

B．The contest for the position of head chef

C．The introduction of new service standards

D．Andy Matthews' article in the Nevada Weekly

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第5题

？Read the article below about advertising Strategy.？Are sentences 16-22 on the opposite pa

？ Read the article below about advertising Strategy.

？ Are sentences 16-22 on the opposite page 'Right' or 'Wrong'？ If there is not enough information to answer 'Right' or 'Wrong', choose 'Doesn't Say'.

？ For each sentence 16-22, mark one letter (A, B or C) on your Answer Sheet.

Competitive Advertising Strategy

In terms of its advertising strategy, Coca-Cola France decided in 2002 to have a three-year partnership with the football player Thierry Henry, in order to benefit from his considerable popularity, especially amongst teenagers. Using celebrities shows a new approach for the company, adopting a communication strategy similar to that of its rival, Pepsi Co. During the football world cup, special promotions were organized in some supermarkets.

The company's good results in the soft drinks market are partly due to its strategy to limit the impact of seasonality by doing all year round promotions. Coca-Cola's attempts to diversify its range of products were illustrated by the successful introduction of the Aquarius brand within the emerging functional drinks sector.

The company's recent strategy to develop new products specifically targeted at national markets was successfully illustrated in France by the good performance of Fanta Latina and Fanta Madness in 2001, two beverages designed to appeal to French teenagers' tastes. The growth of the low-calorie variant Coca-Cola Light was boosted by major advertising campaigns to position it as a distinct brand, rather than as just a variant within the Coca-Cola range. Thus it was extended by the introduction of a lemon-flavoured variant in 2002.

The three-year cooperation with the football player Thierry Henry has helped Coca-Cola France sell its products well.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Doesn't Say

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第6题

？Read the article below about market research. ？Choose the correct word to fill each gap f

？Read the article below about market research.

？Choose the correct word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D.

？For each question (21-30), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.

Market Research

Market research has become increasingly important in recent years. In some organisations, in fact, managers will not initiate any activity without market research to back them up.

The first thing about market research is that it is not an (21) to management decision-making. No form. of market research, no matter how deep, complicated and detailed, can ever be seen as a substitute for creative decision-making by professional managers (22) its very best, all it can do is (23) some doubt and clarify the nature of the problem. It may even be seen as a tool which can help improve the (24) of decisions but it is not in itself a decision-making mechanism.

Market research, in (25) with a number of other approaches in marketing, suffers from the frequent complaint that it is not really accurate. Market research results can never be completely accurate because they (26) with a dynamic, ever-changing marketplace. It is essential that this is understood by everyone with an interest in the results. There is, therefore, an ongoing need for creativity and imagination, when (27) market research results and when making any (28) to apply them in the marketplace.

Finally, it should always be remembered that market research is not an end in itself but simply a (29) by which some degree of risk can be removed from marketplace activity. If no activity (30) from the research, then the entire research has been completely pointless.

(21)

A．option

B．alternative

C．end

D．opening

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第7题

？Read the article below about a training company.？In most of the lines 34- 45, there is on

？Read the article below about a training company.

？In most of the lines 34- 45, there is one extra word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the meaning of the text. Some lines, however, are correct.

？If a line is correct, write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet.

？If there is an extra word in the line, write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet.

There is little doubt that training has become an accepted part of business but it isequally true that companies take a much less scientific approach than they should be. A

34 recent study suggested us that, while UK Organizations spend nearly ￡ 10bn a year on

35 training, 37% of them have never evaluated that expenditure in strict terms of business

36 impact. Yet if training activities that are run along the same lines as other business

37 operations, in ways that maximize with opportunities, it becomes easier for training

38 organizations to help companies meet strategic goals. One organization showing an

39 awareness of what this principle is CT Solutions. a training business that has Its own

40 premises in South London. The need for more training has combined it with cutbacks in

41 office accommodation to create plenty of business for those hiring out space, particularly

42 upper-end hotels. But while CT Solutions detected that many organizations were not

43 satisfied with hotels because they do not always provide a good service. CT Solutions is

44 totally dedicated to providing of space for business, mostly for training, but also for

45 conferences and AGMs. Clearly, since the business has been grown in size. it is an approach that works.

(34)

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第8题

？Read the article below about the relationship between trade and development. ？Choose the

？Read the article below about the relationship between trade and development.

？Choose the correct word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D.

？For each question (21-30), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.

There is no doubt that the relationship 'between trade and development is one of the central policy issue we face today. We live in a world where 50% of humanity lives on less than $ 2 a day . We live in a world (21) by massive inequality between nations. It is estimated that about 2 billion extra souls will share our crowded planet within the next 30 years. However, we face a world of incredible (22) and challenges. Trade and trade policy must play their roles as a part of a wider development scenario. And WTO's efforts to push forward this (23) must be strengthened and coordinated at all levels, national, regional, and (24) .

1980s has witnessed the petroleum impact, debts crisis, prices slump, economic (25) in industrial countries and the climax of new policy for trade protection as well. However, in recent years, foreign trade in those developing countries has been back to the right (26) of remarkable increase, an indispensable force in leading the global economic growth and trade development. The foreign (27) trade policy of the developing countries further indicate that they are (28) entering the WTO family on a larger scale than ever before, which helps to protect their interests in WTO and take part in the formulation of new rules and (29) of WTO. Since 1990s, many developing countries, especially those East Asian and Latin American countries, have become an important force in the global economic (30) The fact that their economic capacity is gaining more and more strength leads to a more important role-playing in the WTO system.

(21)

A．completely

B．controlled

C．characterized

D．conquered

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第9题

•Read the article below about market research.•Choose the best word to fill ea

•Read the article below about market research.

•Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D on the opposite page.

•For each question 21-30, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.

Market research

Market research has become more and more important in recent years. In some organisations, in fact, managers will not initiate any activity without market research to back. them up.

The first thing to be said about market research is that it is not an (21) to management decision-making. No form. of market research, no matter how deep, complicated and detailed, can ever be seen as a substitute for creative decision-making by professional managers (22) its very best, all it can do is (23) some doubt and clarify the nature of the problem. It may even be seen as a tool which can improve the (24) of decisions but it is not in itself a decision-making mechanism.

Market research, in (25) with a number of other approaches in marketing, suffers from the frequent complaint that it is not really accurate. Market research results can never be completely accurate because they (26) with a dynamic, ever-changing marketplace. It is vital that this is understood by everyone with an interest in the results. There is, therefore, an ongoing need for creativity and imagination when (27) market research results and when making any (28) to apply them in the marketplace.

Lastly, it should always be remembered that market research is not an end in itself but simply a (29) by which some degree of risk can be removed from marketplace activity. If no activity (30) from the research, then the entire exercise has been completely pointless.

(21)

A．option

B．alternative

C．end

D．opening

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