Car crashes are the leading cause of injury and death among U.S. children, and though most

第1题

of us now think of car seats as standard baby equipment, about half of all children under the age of four who died in vehicle accidents last year were not restrained. It is calculated that only about two-thirds of children ages five to fifteen buckle their seat belts.

Moreover, the traffic-safety agency estimates that even among parents who always strap their children in, 85% are not doing it properly. They often don't know where best to place the kids, don't use the proper restraint for their age and weight, or don't install the safety seats properly. Despite the reports about front seats collapsing onto back seats when certain car models get in accidents, the safest place in the car for any child up to the age of 12 is still the back seat. Babies up to 9 kg and one year old should ride in rear-Facing infant seats.

Never place a child under age 12 in the front seat with a working passenger-side air bag. These devices are discharged at 320 km/h and can be triggered by low-speed fender benders. They have killed 77 kids in the U.S. since 1993. If you must place a child in front, make sure the paasengar-side bag is switched off.

Children over age one should ride in forward-facing safety seats with a five-point harness system. A child who weighs at least 18 kg or at least 1m high can graduate to a booster seat that elevates her so that the standard shoulder and lap belt fits properly.x

What does the author mainly discuss in this passage？

A．How to avoid car crash.

B．How to design safer baby equipment.

C．How to educate children properly.

D．How to properly secure children in the ear.

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第2题

It used to be the case that if you left your car in the sun on a hot summer's day, then ge

tting back in again afterwards was agony. Not any more. Now you press your key into the door lock and the car's air-conditioning system automatically starts cooling the interior. You just have to wait a minute before you get in.

That is just one of the newer gimmicks that make the modem car so much more comfortable to drive than those produced not so long ago. Another innovation is the self-adjusting seat. When you put the key in the car door, the front seat will automatically adjust itself to the driver's preferred driving position.

These ideas were dreamt up at General Motors' research laboratories in Detroit. The laboratory was set up in the mid-sixties, in response to consumer groups who attacked the company for its safety record. Since then, the company has set itself an impossible goal: that you'll be able to walk away from most car accidents. It spends roughly one billion US dollars every year on safety research.

The company is working on helping drivers survive crashes at higher speeds. The idea is that the driver won't fly out of the car because of his seat belt, He won't be crushed by the side door coming in because it will be strengthened by a side beam. His ribs won't be crushed, nor his organs injured by the steering wheel, because it will bend when the body hits it. His face won't be slashed by broken glass because the windscreen won't shatter.

Every year, the total world-wide bill for injuries of all types is estimated at US $ 500 billion. Transport injuries of all sorts account for one quarter of this. This gives some indication of the size of the problem the scientists working at General Motors' research laboratory have set themselves.

"Not any more." in paragraph one indicates that ______.

A．the sun is no longer as hot these days

B．the car's air-conditioner can make the interior cooler

C．the painful experience doesn't exist any longer

D．the driver doesn't need to wait before he gets in the ear now

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第3题

Motoring Technology1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year, plus a further 50 mi

Motoring Technology

1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year, plus a further 50 million injuries. To reduce car crash rate, much research now is focused on safety and new fuels-- though some electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster.

Travelling at speed has always been risky. One cutting edge area2of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants. They can ensure you don't miss crucial road signs or fall asleep. The use of artificial intelligence software allows these assistants to monitor your driving and makes sure your phone or radio doesn't distract you at a vital moment. Most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults.

Some safety developments aim to improve your vision. Radar can spot obstacles in fog, while other technology "sees through" high-sided vehicles blocking your view.

And improvements to seat belts, pedal controls and tyres are making driving smoother and safer. The colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety, as have, less surprisingly, size and shape.

And alternatives to fossil-fuel based petrol, such as plant oils, are a hot area of research. Fuel cells based on hydrogen burn cleanly, and are the subject of a serious research effort,

But whatever is in the fuel tank, you don't want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations, some using satellite tracking and remote communications, to fight against car theft. These communication systems can also come into play if you crash, automatically calling for help.

Accidents cause many traffic jams, but there are more subtle interplays between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road. Such jams can be analysed using statistical tools. Robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyone's personal chauffeur, but their latest efforts suggest that won't be soon.

What are researchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to a shocking rate ？

A．They are developing faster electric vehicles.

B．They are analyzing road deaths occurring worldwide every year.

C．They focus their research on safety and new fuels.

D．They are designing fully automatic cars.

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第4题

Which of the statements is NOT true according to the second paragraph？A. Crashes of genera

Which of the statements is NOT true according to the second paragraph？

A. Crashes of general aviation aircraft are a major source of aviation accidents in the United States.

B. Male pilots, like male vehicle drivers, are more likely to have accidents than female pilots.

C. It is commonly known that aircraft crashes are mostly caused by young and inexperienced pilots.

D. Only mature pilots are studied to determine the gender differences in the reasons for aircraft crash.

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第5题

Fatal highway crashes are due to ______.A．drivers' sudden shifts in feelingB．traffic jams

Fatal highway crashes are due to ______.

A．drivers' sudden shifts in feeling

B．traffic jams on the highway

C．wildly careless aggressive driving

D．mass production of alcohol

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第6题

A．It may easily go wrong and any unsaved work disappears.B．It crashes the computer eas

A．It may easily go wrong and any unsaved work disappears.

B．It crashes the computer easily.

C．It may attract the thunder.

D．It consumes more power.

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第7题

One explanation given by scientists for the crop circles is that they are made by ______.A

One explanation given by scientists for the crop circles is that they are made by ______.

A．airplane crashes

B．new farming techniques

C．unknown flying objects

D．air movement

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第8题

The passage is mainly about ________.A) a new regulation for al airlinesB) the defe

The passage is mainly about ________.

A) a new regulation for al airlines

B) the defects of electronic devices

C) a possible cause of aircraft crashes

D) effective safety measures for air flight

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第9题

How did the researchers carry out their study？A．They studied the findings of several previ

How did the researchers carry out their study？

A．They studied the findings of several previous research projects.

B．They conduced a questionnaire with 411 pilots.

C．They collected data from the database at the Johns Hopkins University.

D．They analyzed the circumstances of the crashes involved.

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第10题

Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents DifferentlyMale pilots flying general aviation （pri

Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently

Male pilots flying general aviation (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision making. While female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling (错误地处理) the aircraft (航行器). These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.

The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths" in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots, " explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash.

The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation (航行) crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40--63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender.

The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots' crashes and 36 percent of males'. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel (燃料), and landing the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females.

The majority of the crashes -- 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males -- involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females (accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect (过失). Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts.

What is the research at Johns Hopkins University about？

A．Causes of aircraft crash.

B．Gender difference in relation to types of aircraft crashes.

C．Causes of mishandling aircraft.

D．Gender discrimination in general aviation in the United States.

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第11题

根据以下材料，回答题Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents DifferentlyMale pilots flying ge

根据以下材料，回答题

Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently

Male pilots flying general aviation （private） aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision-making， while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are results of a study fly researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.

The study identifies difference between male and female pilot in terms of circumstances or the crash and the type or pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots， as for motor vehicle drivers， exceeds that of crashes of female pilots." explains Susan P. Baker， MPH， professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes， we focused on only mature pilots，to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash."

The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997， involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio， by age， classes of medical and pilot certificates， state or area of crash， and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender.

The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes， leading to 59 percent of female pilots" crashes and 36 percent of males". Experiencing mechanical failure， running out of fuel， and landing the plane with the landing gear upwere among the factors more likely with males， while stalling was more likely with females.

The majority of the crashes —— 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males —— involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes， but was more common among females （accounting for 81 percent of the crashes） than males （accounting for 48 percent ）. Males， however， appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making， risk-taking， and inattentiveness， examples of which include misjudging weather and visibilityor flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females， though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft， were generally more careful than their male counterparts.

What is the research at Johns Hopkins University about？查看材料

A.Causes of aircraft crash.

B.Gender difference in relation to types of aircraft crashes.

C.Causes of mishandling aircraft.

D.Gender discrimination in general aviation in the United States.

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