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Types of Examinations
An examination falls into one of two main categories: the objective exam and the subjective exam. Each type has certain advantages and disadvantages, depending upon the course, content, and purpose of the exam.
OBJECTIVE EXAMINATIONS. There are numerous variations of this type of exam. Basically, in an objective exam you are limited to selecting the right answer from a group of possible answers. You do not write anything; you merely decide whether the answer opposite A, B,C, or D is correct. This ex am is considered to be objective in two ways:(1)Each student has an equal chance; he must merely choose the correct answer from the same list of alternatives, therefore he has no opportunity to express a different attitude or personal opinion.(2)The judgment and personality of the teacher cannot influence the correction in any way. Indeed, many objective tests are scored by machines.
This type of exam may be graded more quickly and objectively than the subjective type, but it is not necessarily more reliable. An objective exam requires you only to recognize rather than to reproduce what you have learned. Although a well-constructed objective exam can require you to think through a complicated problem, evaluating alternatives before selecting an answer, it is generally not as effective as the subjective type in measuring your ability to assimilate or interpret information.
Objective exams are usually true-false, multiple choice, matching, or sentence completion questions.
Standard Exams: A standard exam is an objective type that is used widely and often repeatedly. You may have taken an English exam of this kind; for example, TOEFL(Test of English as a Foreign Language), or the English Proficiency Test. The Scholastic Aptitude Test and the Graduate Record Examination are other examples.
On exams of this type, you are not expected to answer all of the questions or get a perfect score. Your result is reported as a standard score, based on the results of thousands of students. Because these exams are corrected by machine, you do not indicate answers on the exam paper itself. Instead you mark a separate answer sheet, usually by blackening a space or letter that corresponds with the letter of the answer on the exam paper. Whatever the specific directions may be, follow them exactly. A machine cannot guess what answers you intended. Also, because you must read questions on one paper and record answers on another paper, under the pressure of time you may become confused and misplace an answer. Be sure that the number of the answer corresponds with the number of the question.
On any type of objective exam, it is important to read the directions carefully and follow them exactly. They will differ from exam to exam, and sometimes within an exam. Be sure you understand how you should indicate your answer and that you do it exactly as required. Otherwise your answer is likely to be counted wrong.
When you take an exam of this kind, look over the whole exam first to get a general idea of the type and range of questions, the method of indicating your answers, and any suggested distribution of time. Check to see if there are any directions about guessing. Often a wrong answer counts off double while an omitted answer counts off only one. Avoid wild guessing, but if you have a vague idea of the answer, or if you are sure that several of the choices are obviously wrong, it may be to your advantage to guess.
When you are sure that you understand the directions, begin. Do not spend too much time on any one question. If you are not sure of it, omit it and go on to others, coming back to it later if you have time.
Read the statements careful. Look for important key words such as all, none, never, always, some times, least, best. Words of this kind are modifiers on which the correctne
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
In many Western societies, such as the United States or Canada,【C1】______many different nationalities, religious groups and cultural orientations, individualism and independent thinking are【C2】______valued. And these values are reflected by the education systems in these countries. Teachers【C3】______the qualities that make each student special. Students are【C4】______expected to memorize information; instead, they are encouraged to【C5】______, find answers on their own and【C6】______individual solutions. At an early age, students learn to form. their own ideas and opinions, and to ex press their ideas in class discussion.
In Japan,【C7】______, the vast majority of people share the same language, history, and culture. Perhaps for this reason, the education system there reflects a belief in group goals and traditions【C8】______individualism. Japanese schoolchildren often work together and help one another on assignments. In the classroom, the teacher is the main【C9】______of knowledge: He or she lectures, and the students listen. There is not much discussion;【C10】______, the students recite rules or information that they have memorized.
The advantage of the education system in Japan is that students there learn the social skill of cooperation.【C11】______advantage is that they learn much more math and science than most American students. They also study more hours each day and more days each year than their North American【C12】______do. The system is demanding, but it【C13】______children for a society that values discipline and self-control. There are, however, disadvantages. For one thing, many students say that after an exam, they forget much of the information they memorized.【C14】______, the extremely demanding system puts enormous psychological pressure【C15】______students, and is considered a【C16】______factor in the high suicide rate among Japanese school-age children.
The advantage of the education system in North America,【C17】______, is that students learn to think for themselves. They learn to【C18】______to make decisions and take action without someone telling them what to do. There are drawbacks, however.【C19】______other things, American high school graduates haven't studied as many basic rules and facts as students in other countries have. And many social critics【C20】______the high crime rate in the US at least partially to a lack of discipline in the schools.
【C1】
A．which are made up of
B．which made up of
C．which are made of
D．which made of
